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The 85th volume in this serial primarily covers electron optics, parallel programming, Cray computers and digital image processing and pattern recognition. Additionally, the text explores a diverse range of optics including the particle optics of accelerators and mass spectrometers.
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ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 85 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PETER W. HAWKES Centre National de la Recherche ScientiJique Toulouse. France ASSOCIATE EDITOR BENJAMIN KAZAN Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto, California Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITEDBY PETER W. HAWKES CEMESILaboratoire d’Optiqur Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse. France VOLUME 85 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Boston San Diego New York London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ COPYRIGHT 0 1993 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALLRIGHTSRESERVED. N O PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY. RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego. CA 92101-4311 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road. London NWI 7 D X LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 49-7504 ISSN 0065-2539 ISBN 0-12-014727-0 P R I N T E D IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 93 94 95 96 BC 9 8 I 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ............................................. PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. I1 . 111. IV . V. VI . VII . Recent Developments in Kalman Filtering with Applications in Navigation HANS-JURGENHOTOP Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The New Generation of Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . FilterTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Kalman Filter Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review of the Backward Kalman Filter Theory . . . . . . . . . . . Application of the Kalman Filter in Navigation . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii IX 1 2 16 25 49 53 70 71 71 Recent Advances in 3D Display D . P . HUIJSMANS AND G . J . JENSE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Representation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voxel-Based Display Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spatial Selection and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 95 113 147 159 177 221 224 225 Applications of Group Theory to Electron Optics Yu LI I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . M function and Its Symmetry Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Applications to Electrostatic Multipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .