E-Book Overview
Knowledge of thc chemical behavior of trace compounds in the atmosphere has grown steadily, and sometimes even spectacularly, in recent decades. These developments have led to the emergence of atmospheric chemistry as a new branch of science. This book covers all aspects of atmospheric chemistry on a global scale, integrating information from chemistry and geochemistry, physics, and biology to provide a unified account. For each atmospheric constituent of interest, the text summarizes the principal observations on global distribution, chemical reactions, natural and anthropogenic sources, and physical removal processes. Coverage includes processes in the gas phase, in aerosols and c1ouds, and in precipitation, as well as biogeochemical cycles and the evolution of the atmosphere. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Second Edition, will serve as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, and as an essential reference for atmospheric chemists, meteorologists, and anyone studying the biogeochemical cycles of trace gases. * Updated extensively from the highly respected first edition * Treats the global-scale chemistry and distribution of atmospheric trace constituents * Emphasizes observations and their interpretation* Provides background on transport and reaction kinetics for interpretation of observational data* Includes chemistry in the gas phase and in aerosols and clouds* Details chemical reaction pathways for the most important trace constituents* Describes pertinent biogeochemical cycles* Written by an author with more than 40 years of research experience in atmospheric chemistry
E-Book Content
Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere Second Edition This is Volume 71 in the INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICS SERIES A series of monographs and textbooks Edited by RENATA DMOWSKA, JAMES R. HOLTON, AND H. THOMAS ROSSBY A complete list of the books in this series appears at the end of this volume. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere Second Edition Peter Warneck Max-Planck-Institut jur Chemie Mainz, Germany ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Cover. Images © 1999 PhotoDisc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. \2) Copyright © 2000, 1988 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Academic Press A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, U.S.A. http://www.apnet.com Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-64620 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-735632-0 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 99 00 01 02 03 04 MM 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the memory of Christian E. Junge (1912-1996) a pioneer in the exploration of atmospheric trace substances This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition xiii xv 1 Bulk Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of the Atmosphere 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Observational Data and Averages Temperature Structure and Atmospheric Regions Pressure, Density, and Mixing Ratio Global Circulation and Transport 1.4.1 Atmospheric Mean Motions 1.4.2 Eddy Diffusion 1.4.3 Molecular Diffusion 1.5 Air Mass Exchange between Principal Atmosp