Remote Sensing from Air and Space Remote Sensing from Air and Space R. C. Olsen Bellingham, Washington USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Olsen, R. C. (Richard C.) Remote sensing from air and space / by R. C. Olsen p. cm. – (SPIE Press Monograph ; 162) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8194-6235-0 1. Remote Sensing. I. Title G70.4.O47 2006 621.36’78—dc22 2006051183 Published by SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering P.O. Box 10 Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Phone: 360.676.3290 Fax: 360.647.1445 Email:
[email protected] www.spie.org Copyright © 2007 The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. The content of this book reflects the thought of the author(s). Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein, but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Contents Preface Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 xii Introduction to Remote Sensing Order of Battle 1.1.1 Air order of battle 1.1.2 Electronic order of battle 1.1.3 Space order of battle 1.1.4 Naval order of battle Imagery Survey 1.2.1 Visible 1.2.1.1 GOES, whole Earth 1.2.1.2 DMSP (0.5 km), Earth at night 1.2.1.3 UoSAT (100m), San Francisco 1.2.1.4 Landsat 5 (30m), San Diego 1.2.1.5 Astronaut photography 1.2.1.6 SPOT (10 m) 1.2.1.7 IRS (5 m) 1.2.1.8 IKONOS—San Diego/Coronado Island 1.2.1.9 High-resolution airborne imagery 1.2.2 Infrared (IR) 1.2.2.1 GOES 9 1.2.2.2 Landsat—IR San Diego 1.2.2.3 DMSP—IR and microwave 1.2.3 Radar (SAR) 1.2.3.1 RADARSAT, Maui and the airport 1.2.3.2 SIRC—Multi-wavelength/polarization 1.2.3.2.1 Maui 1.2.3.2.2 SIRC, San Diego Harbor Three Axes Resources Problems v 1 2 3 3 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 13 13 15 17 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 26 26 26 26 28 29 vi Contents Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Electromagnetic Basics The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2.1.1 Maxwell’s equations Polarization of Radiation Energy in Electromagnetic Waves 2.3.1 Photoelectric effect 2.3.2 Photomultiplier tubes Sources of Electromagnetic Radiatio 2.4.1 Line spectra 2.4.2 Blackbody radiation Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)–Matter Interactions 2.5.1 Transmission 2.5.2 Reflection 2.5.3 Scattering 2.5.4 Absorption Problems 33 33 33 35 35 38 39 41 42 45 48 49 50 51 52 53 <