Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development VOLUME 2 ADULTHOOD Deborah Carr EDITOR IN CHIEF Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development Deborah Carr, Editor in Chief ª 2009 Macmillan Reference USA, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Gale Customer Support, 1 800 877 4253 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to
[email protected] Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Encyclopedia of the life course and human development / Deborah Carr, editor in chief. v. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978 0 02 866162 9 (set : alk. paper) ISBN 978 0 02 866163 6 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) ISBN 978 0 02 866164 3 (vol. 2 : alk. paper) ISBN 978 0 02 866165 0 (vol. 3 : alk. paper) 1. Social evolution Encyclopedias. 2. Human evolution Encyclopedias. I. Carr, Deborah S. HM626.E538 2008 305.203 dc22 2008027490 Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331 3535 ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN 13: 13: 13: 13: 978 978 978 978 0 0 0 0 02 02 02 02 866162 9 (set) 866163 6 (vol. 1) 866164 3 (vol. 2) 866165 0 (vol. 3) ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN 10: 10: 10: 10: 0 0 0 0 02 02 02 02 866162 1 (set) 866163 X (vol. 1) 866164 8 (vol. 2) 866165 6 (vol. 3) This title is also available as an e book. ISBN 13: 978 0 02 866166 7 ISBN 10: 0 02 866166 4 Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Editorial Board EDITOR IN CHIEF Deborah Carr Associate Professor Department of Sociology and Institute for Health, Health Care and Aging Research Rutgers University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Robert Crosnoe Associate Professor of Sociology University of Texas at Austin Mary Elizabeth Hughes Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health Amy M. Pienta Associate Research Scientist ICPSR, University of Michigan Editorial and Production Staff PROJECT EDITORS Raymond Lukens David E. Salamie Deirdre S. Blanchfield Andrew G. Specht PROOFREADER EDITORIAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT John Krol Mark Drouillard