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Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia (S.E.P.S.M.E.A.) (Founding editor: C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze) Editor Dale F. Eickelman Advisory Board Fariba Adelkhah (SciencesPo/CERI, Paris) Roger Owen (Harvard University) Armando Salvatore (University of Naples “L’Orientale” – Humboldt University, Berlin) VOLUME 104 Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean Late 19th Century until the 1960s Edited by Christoph Schumann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 On the cover: 1) A post-1908 postcard, showing the resurrection of the Ottoman Empire by the constitution from Wolf-Dieter Lemke’s collection 2) A patriotic procession on its way to the Monument of Liberty in Constantinople in 1912—as a reaction to the authoritarian rule of the Young Turks since 1908. Library of Congress This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Liberal thought in the Eastern Mediterranean : late 19th century until the 1960s / edited by Christoph Schumann. p. cm. — (Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East and Asia ; v. 104) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-16548-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Liberalism—Arab countries. 2. Arab nationalism. 3. Arab countries—Intellectual life. 4. Arab countries—Politics and government 5. Civilization, Arab—Western influences. 6. Mandates—Arab countries. 7. Secularism—Turkey. I. Schumann, Christoph. II. Title. III. Series. JC574.2.A6L53 2008 320.510956’09041—dc22 2008025529 ISSN 1385-3376 ISBN 978 90 04 16548 9 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Dedicated to Thomas Philipp teacher—colleague—friend CONTENTS Acknowledgments .............................................................................. xi Introduction ........................................................................................ Christoph Schumann 1 PART ONE THE IMPACT OF THE WEST: MISSION, MANDATE, AND EDUCATION Chapter One The Question of American Liberalism and the Origins of the American Board Mission to the Levant and Its Historiography .......................................................................... Ussama Makdisi 15 Chapter Two The Mandate System: High Ideals, Illiberal Practices .......................................................................................... Peter Sluglett 29 Chapter Three “Liberal Colonialism” and Martial Law in French Mandate Syria ................................................................... Michael Provence 51 Chapter Four The Syrian University and the French Mandate (1920–1946) ................................................................... Abdul-Karim Rafeq 75 Chapter Five Liberal Education at the American University of Beirut (AUB): Protest, Protestantism, and the Meaning of Freedom ..................................................................................... Betty S. Anderson 99 viii contents PART TWO C