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PROGRESS IN INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY CROOM HELM PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY SERIES Edited by Michael Pacione, University of the Strathclyde, Glasgow Progress in Urban Geography Edited by Michael Pacione Progress in Rural Geography Edited by Michael Pacione Progress in Political Geography Edited by Michael Pacione Progress in Industrial Geography Edited by Michael Pacione London and New York © 1985 Michael Pacione First published in 1985 by Croom Helm Ltd Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Progress in industrial geography—(Croom Helm progress in geography series) 1. Industries— Location 2. Geography, Economic I. Title 338.09 HC79.D5 ISBN 0-203-99671-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-7099-2072-5 (Print Edition) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Progress in industrial geography. (Croom Helm progress in geography series) Includes index. 1. Industry—Location—Addresses, essays, lectures. I.Pacione, Michael. II. Series. HD58.P76 1985 338.6′042 85–14938 ISBN 0-7099-2072-5 To Christine, Michael John and Emma Victoria CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables Preface Introduction 1. Theory and Methodology in Industrial Geography W F Lever 2. Industrial Linkage Studies A G Hoare 3. Intra-Urban Industrial Geography P J Bull 4. Service Industries: Some New Directions P W Daniels 5. Foreign Direct Investment and Divestment Trends in Industrialised Countries I J Smith 6. The Geography of Mass-Redundancy in Named Corporations A R Townsend and F W Peck 7. Regional Development Policies and Economic Change C M Law 8. The Industrial Geography of the Third World G B Norcliffe 1 7 30 60 81 105 129 165 187 Notes on Contributors 215 Index 216 FIGURES 2.1 A schematic representation of a manufacturing plant’s linkages 33 2.2 Types of linkage among different industries 42 2.3 The measurement of pair-wise relationships between industries 43 3.1 The distribution of labour, fixed capital and circulating capital costs with respect to distance from the city centre of a hypothetical urban area at three points in time 65 3.2 The segmentation of contemporary business enterprises 77 4.1 A typology of head office location at the interurban scale 90 6.1 British Steel Corporation (BSC) job losses reported in the Financial Times, 1977–81 132 6.2 Reported job losses by location of UK corporate headquarters 158 7.1 Transport improvements and regional development 174 7.2 Regional policies and the spatial margins of profitability 174 7.3 British assisted areas in 1978 176 7.4 British assisted areas in 1982 177 7.5 British assisted areas in 1984 178 TABLES 1.1 Profit per employee: conurbations and regions 12 1.2 Average profitability by type of area 12 1.3 Clydeside: UK production ratios 1978 13 1.4 Important forms of production reorganisation in the industries studied, 1968–73 21 1.5 Average hourly wages 23 1.6 Average weekly earnings 24 1.7 Labour shortages 24 2.1 Variation of local linkage orientated by industrial type 46 2.2 Organisational controls and linkage geography 49 4.1 Changes in UK ser