Advances in Insect Physiology Volume 14 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in Insect Physiology edited by J . E. TREHERNE M. J. BERRIDGE and V. B. WIGGLESWORTH Department of Zoology. The University Cambridge. England Volume 14 1979 A C A D E M I C PRESS LONDON NEW Y O R K SAN FRANCISCO A Subsidiary of Harcourc Brace Jovanovich. Publishers ACADEMIC PRESS I N C . (LONDON) LTD 24/28 Oval Road London N W l 2 D X United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 1 I 1 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Copyright 0 1979 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD AN Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Advances in insect physiology Vol. 14 1. Insects - Physiology 1. Treherne, John Edwin 11. Berridge, Michael John 111. Wigglesworth, Sir Vincent QL495 63-14039 595.7’01 ISBN &12-024214-1 P R I N T E D IN GREAT BRITAIN B Y B U T L E R & T A N N E R L T D , FROME A N D L O N D O N Contributors Franz Engelmann Department of Biology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, University of Caliyomia, Los Angeles, California 90024, California, USA Arthur M. Jungreis Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, USA John Machin Department of Zoology, 25 Hardbord Street, University of Toronto, Toronto MSSIAI, Ontario, Canada K. Djie Njio Pharmacological Laboratory, Polderweg 104, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 6, The Netherlands John Palka Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 9819.5, USA Tom Piek Pharmacological Laboratory, Polderweg 104, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 6, The Netherlands Brian W. Staddon Zoology Department, University College Cardifl, PO Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, Wales, UK This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Contributors Atmospheric Water Absorption in Arthropods JOHN MACHIN Insect Vitellogenin : Identification, Biosynthesis and Role in Vitellogenesis FRANZ E N G E L M A N N 49 Physiology of Moulting in Insects ARTHUR M . JUNGREIS 109 Morphology and Electrochemistry of Insect Muscle Fibre Membrane T O M PlEK and K. DJlE NJlO 185 Theories of Pattern Formation in Insect Neural Development J O H N PALKA 25 1 The Scent Glands of Heteroptera BRIAN W. STADDON 351 Subject Index 419 Cumulative List of Authors 438 Cumulative List of Chapter Titles 439 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Atmospheric Water Absorption in Arthropods John Machin Depanrnent of Zoology, University of Toronto. Canada 1 Introduction 1 2 The site of atmospheric absorption 2 2.1 The external cuticle models 2 2.2 Evidence in favour of localized absorption sites 10 3 The kinetics of atmospheric absorption 11 3.1 Uptake by larger insects 11 3.2 Uptake by smaller insects and Acarines 15 3.3 Absorption thresholds and temperature 20 3.4 The allometry of water exchange 25 4 Mechanisms of atmospheric absorption 26 4.1 Tenebrio 26 4.2 Arenivaga 30 4.3 Therrnobia 33 4.4 Acarines 34 5 The basic elements of water absorption - speculations 35 5.1 Hygroscopic fluid production 36 5.2 Water vapour condensation 37 5.3 Incorporation into the haemolymph 41 6 Summary 41 Acknowledgements 43 References 43 Notes added in proof 48 1 Introduction “There are temptations, on aesthetic grounds, to give too much weight to broad unifying principles which deserve to be used only as clues for suggesting further enquiry . . .” Professor Sir Andrew Huxley, Presidential Address British Association for the Ad