Volume 3: COM to D OR GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW 3RD EDITION GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW 3RD EDITION V OLUME 3 C OM TO D OR Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, 3rd Edition © 2010 Gale, Cengage Learning Project Editor: Donna Batten ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Editorial: Laurie J. Fundukian, Kristin Key, Jacqueline Longe, Kristin Mallegg, Jennifer Mossman, Brigham Narins, Andrew Specht, Jeffrey Wilson Product Manager: Stephen Wasserstein Rights Acquisition and Management: Dean Dauphinais, Leitha Ethridge-Sims, Barbara McNeil, Kelly Quin Editorial and Production Technology Support Services: Charles Beaumont, Luann Brennan, Grant Eldridge Composition: Evi Abou-El-Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Product Design: Pamela A.E. Galbreath Imaging: John Watkins For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to
[email protected] While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY: Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about our editorial data privacy policies, please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com. Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI, 48331-3535 ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-4302-7 ISBN-10: 1-4144-4302-1 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 DEDICATION Gale Encyclopedia of American Law (GEAL) is dedicated to librarians and library patrons throughout the United States and beyond. Your interest in the American legal system helps to expand and fuel the framework of our Republic. k Contents VOLUME 1 VOLUME 5 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix How to Use this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii How to Use this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv A–Ba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Fri–I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 VOLUME 2 VOLUME 6 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix How to Use this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . .