Advances in BOTANICAL RESEARCH Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology VOLUME 44 DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE FLOWER Advances in BOTANICAL RESEARCH Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology Editor-in-Chief J. A. CALLOW School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Editorial Board J. S. HESLOP-HARRISON M. KREIS R. A. LEIGH P. R. SHEWRY D. E. SOLTIS University of Leicester, United Kingdom Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, United Kingdom University of Florida at Gainesville, USA Advances in BOTANICAL RESEARCH Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE FLOWER Edited by DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States JAMES H. LEEBENS-MACK Department of Plant Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States PAMELA S. SOLTIS Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States Series Editor J. A. CALLOW School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom VOLUME 44 2006 AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright ß 2006, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (www.copyright.com), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2006 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0065-2296/2006 $35.00 Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333, E-mail: