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THE RENAISSANCE Other Books in the Greenhaven Encyclopedia Series Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Rome The Civil War The Middle Ages Paranormal Phenomena Terrorism World Religions THE RENAISSANCE by Tom Streissguth Konrad Eisenbichler, Consulting Editor Christine Nasso, Publisher Elizabeth Des Chenes, Managing Editor © 2008 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Star logo is a trademark and Gale and Greenhaven Press are registered trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact: Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.cengage.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Articles in Greenhaven Press anthologies are often edited for length to meet page requirements. In addition, original titles of these works are changed to clearly present the main thesis and to explicitly indicate the author’s opinion. Every effort is made to ensure that Greenhaven Press accurately reflects the original intent of the authors. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. Cover photograph reproduced by permission of © Araldo de Luca/Corbis. ISBN-13: 978-0-7377-3216-0 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-7377-3216-4 (hardcover) Library of Congress Control Number: 2007938127 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Contents Preface ..............................................11 A academies (Fiorentina, Infiammati, Intronati, etc.) ...................................19 Agricola, Rudolf ................................20 Alberti, Leon Battista ........................20 alchemy .............................................21 Alexander VI ....................................22 Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) ..........................24 Alighieri, Dante ................................24 Anguissola, Sofonisba ........................26 Anne of Brittany ...............................26 architecture ........................................27 Ariosto, Ludovico ..............................29 Aristotelianism ...................................30 Ascham, Roger ..................................31 astrology ............................................32 astronomy .........................................33 Aurispa, Giovanni .............................34 Austria ..............................................34 Aviz, House of ...................................35 Boleyn, Anne ....................................45 Borgia, Cesare ...................................45 Borgia, Lucrezia ................................46 Bosch, Hieronymus ...........................47 Bosworth Field, Battle of ....................48 Botticelli, Sandro ..............................48 Bourbon dynasty ...............................50 Bracciolini, Poggio ............................51 Brahe, Tycho .....................................52 Bramante, Donato ............................52 Brenz, Johannes ................................54 Bronzino, Agnolo ..............................54 Brueghel family .................................54 Brunelleschi, Filippo .........................56 Bruni, Leonardo ...............................57 Bruno, Giordano ...............................58 Byrd, William ...................................58 C Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot) .........61 Callimachus ......................................61 Calvin, John .....................................62 Camoes, Luis Vaz de ........................