ADVANCES IN Applied Micro biology VOLUME 9 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME R. F. Christman J. Ross Colvin C. H. Driver G. F. Gause I. H. Harrison Richard M. Hyde June Jenkins L. Juragek Ralph E. Kunkee Birgitta Norkrans R. T. Ogelsby Wesley 0. Pipes A. D. Russell D. R. Whitaker ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by WAYNE W. UMBREIT Department of Bacteriology Rutgerr, The State University N e w Brunswick, N e w Jersey VOLUME 9 @ 1967 ACADEMIC PRESS, New York and London COPYRIGHT 6: 1967, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF TIIIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, on ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W . l LIBRARYOF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER: 59-13823 PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES O F AMERICA CONTRlBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contxibutions begin. R. F. CHRISTMAN, Departments of Civil Engineering and College of Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (171) J . ROSS COLVIN, Division of Biosciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada (131) C. Departments of Civil Engineering and College of Forestry, University ofwashington, Seattle, Washington (171) H . DRIVER, G. F . CAUSE, lnstitute of New Antibiotics, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. (69) I. H . HARRISON, Department of Pharmaceutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Welsh College of Advanced Technology, Cardiff, Britain ( 1 ) M. HYDE, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (39) RICHARD Department of Pharmaceutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Welsh College of Advanced Technology, Cardiff, Britain (1) JUNE JENKINS, L. JURASEK, Division of Biosciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada (131)' RALPH E. KUNKEE, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California (235) BIRGITTA NORKRANS, Department of Marine Botany, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden (91) R. T. OGLESBY, Departments of Civil Engineering and College of Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (171) WESLEY0. PIPES, Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evans- ton, Illinois (185) A. D. RUSSELL, Department of Pharmaceutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Welsh College of Advanced Technology, Cardiff, Britain (1) D. R. WHITAKER, Division of Biosciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada (131) 'Present address: Stitny drevarsky vyskumny ustav, LamaGska 5, Bratislava IX, Czechoslovakia. V This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE The scope of this year’s volume is as broad as applied microbiology itself. Its problems range from the making of wine to the bulking of sludge, which may seem rather too wide to the uninitiated but which the professional will recognize as not entirely unrelated. Since cellulose comprises perhaps a third of the carbon in the world, we have devoted two separate papers to it. The knowledge of the transformation of lignin to humus is brought up-to-date - no one could say that the problem is solved. The pre