Science And Engineering Careers In The United States: An Analysis Of Markets And Employment (national Bureau Of Economic Research Conference Report)

Science and Engineering Careers in the United States A National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report Science and Engineering Careers in the United States An Analysis of Markets and Employment Edited by Richard B. Freeman and Daniel L. Goroff The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London RICHARD B. FREEMAN holds the Herbert Ascherman Chair in Economics at Harvard University and is currently serving as faculty director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School. He is director of the Labor Studies Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research. DANIEL L. GOROFF is professor of mathematics and economics at Harvey Mudd College, where he previously served as vice president for academic affairs and dean of the faculty. He codirects the Sloan Scientific and Engineering Workforce Project at the National Bureau of Economic Research. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2009 by the National Bureau of Economic Research All rights reserved. Published 2009 Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-26189-8 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-226-26189-1 (cloth) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Science and engineering careers in the United States : an analysis of markets and employment / edited by Richard B. Freeman and Daniel L. Goroff. p. cm.—(National Bureau of Economic Research conference report) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-26189-8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-26189-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Scientists—United States. 2. Engineers—United States. 3. Science—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. 4. Engineering—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. I. Freeman, Richard B. (Richard Barry), 1943– II. Goroff, Daniel L. Q149.U5S3112 2009 331.7 61500973—dc22 2008032103 o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. National Bureau of Economic Research Officers John S. Clarkeson, chairman Kathleen B. Cooper, vice-chairman James M. Poterba, president and chief executive officer Robert Mednick, treasurer Kelly Horak, controller and assistant corporate secretary Alterra Milone, corporate secretary Gerardine Johnson, assistant corporate secretary Directors at Large Peter C. Aldrich Elizabeth E. Bailey Richard B. Berner John H. Biggs John S. Clarkeson Don R. Conlan Kathleen B. Cooper Charles H. Dallara George C. Eads Jessica P. Einhorn Mohamed El-Erian Jacob A. Frenkel Judith M. Gueron Robert S. Hamada Karen N. Horn John Lipsky Laurence H. Meyer Michael H. Moskow Alicia H. Munnell Rudolph A. Oswald Robert T. Parry James M. Poterba John S. Reed Marina v. N. Whitman Martin B. Zimmerman Directors by University Appointment George Akerlof, California, Berkeley Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia Glen G. Cain, Wisconsin Ray C. Fair, Yale Franklin Fisher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mark Grinblatt, California, Los Angeles Saul H. Hymans, Michigan Marjorie B. McElroy, Duke Joel Mokyr, Northwestern Andrew Postlewaite, Pennsylvania Uwe E. Reinhardt, Princeton Nathan Rosenberg, Stanford Craig Swan, Minnesota David B. Yoffie, Harvard Arnold Zellner (Director Emeritus), Chicago Directors by Appointment of Other Organizations Jean-Paul Chavas, American Agricultural Economics Association Gail D. Fosler, The Conference Board Martin Gruber, American Finance Association Timothy W. Guinnane, Economic History Association Arthur B. Kennickell, American Statistical Association Thea Lee, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations William W. Lewis, Committee for Economic Developmen