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Scientists from many disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and neuroscience, contribute to the study of cognition. Cognitive psychology, the science of the human mind and of how people process information, is at the core of empirical investigations into the nature of mind and thought. This anthology is based on the assumption that cognitive psychology is at heart empirical philosophy. Many of the core questions about thought, language, perception, memory, and knowledge of other people's minds were for centuries the domain of philosophy. The book begins with the philosophical foundations of inquiry into the nature of mind and thought, in particular the writings of Descartes, and then covers the principal topics of cognitive psychology including memory, attention, and decision making. The book organizes a daunting amount of information, underlining the essentials, while also introducing readers to the ambiguities and controversies of research. It is arranged thematically and includes many topics not typically taught in cognition courses, including human factors and ergonomics, evolutionary psychology, music cognition, and experimental design. The contributors include Daniel Dennett, Daniel Kahneman, Jay McClelland, Donald Norman, Michael Posner, Stephen Palmer, Eleanor Rosch, John Searle, Roger Shepard, and Anne Treisman.
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Foundations of Cognitive Psychology This page intentionally left blank Foundations of Cognitive Psychology Core Readings Daniel J. Levitin A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. This book was set in Palatino on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong and was printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levitin, Daniel J. Foundations of cognitive psychology : core readings / Daniel J. Levitin. p. cm. ‘‘A Bradford book.’’ Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-12247-2 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Cognitive psychology. I. Title. BF201 .L48 153—dc21 2002 2002022662 To my teachers: Michael Posner, Douglas Hintzman, and Roger Shepard. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xiii part i Foundations—Philosophical Basis, The Mind/Body Problem Chapter 1 Visual Awareness Stephen E. Palmer 3 Chapter 2 Where Am I? 23 Daniel C. Dennett Chapter 3 Can Machines Think? Daniel C. Dennett 35 part ii Neural Networks 55 Chapter 4 The Appeal of Parallel Distributed Processing 57 Jay L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhard, and Geoffrey E. Hinton part iii Objections 93 Chapter 5 Minds, Brains, and Programs John R. Searle 95 part iv Experimental Design 113 Chapter 6 Experimental Design in Psychological Research Daniel J. Levitin 115 1 viii Contents part v Perception 131 Chapter 7 Perception 133 Philip G. Zimbardo and Richard J. Gerrig Chapter 8 Organizing Objects and Scenes Stephen E. Palmer Chapter 9 The Auditory Scene Albert S. Bregman 189 213 part vi Categories and Concepts Chapter 10 Principles of Categorization Eleanor Rosch 249 251 Chapter 11 Philosophical Investigations, Sections 65–78 Ludwig Wittgenstein 271 Chapter 12 The Exemplar View 277 Edward E. Smith and Douglas L. Medin part vii Memory 293 Chapter 13 Memory for Musical Attribu