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The progress made in particle physics during the last two decades of the 20th century has led to the formulation of the so-called Standard Model of elementary particles and its quantitative experimental test. This work presents that progress, and also includes chapters which provide background on modern particle physics. Particle physics forms an essential part of the physics curriculum. This book seeks to incorporate all the topics for a unified treatment of the subject. It provides reference material for researchers in both theoretical and experimental particle physics. It is designed as a semester course for senior undergraduates and for graduate students. Formal quantum field theory is not used. A knowledge of non-relativistic quantum mechanics is required for some parts of the book, but for the remaining parts familiarity with the Dirac equation and Feynman rules is essential. However, some of these topics are included in an appendix. In this second edition, many chapters (for example, on electroweak unification) have been revised to bring them up to date. In particular, the chapters on neutrino physics, particle mixing and CP violation, and weak decays of heavy flavours have been rewritten incorporating new material and new data since the first edition. The heavy quark effective theory has been included.
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A MODERN INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE PHYSICS Second Edition
FAYYAZUDDIN & RIAZUDDIN
World Scientific Publishing
A MODERN INT~ODUCTI~N TO
PARTICLE PHYSICS Second Edition
A MODERN INTRODUCTION TO
PARTICLE PHYSICS Second Edition
FAYYAZUDDIN & RIAZUDDIN National Center for Physics Quaid-e-ham University Pakisfan
World Scientific Singapore New Jersey. London Hong Kong
Published by
World Scientific PublishingCo. Pte. Ltd. P 0 Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA ofice: Suite lB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK ofice: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Fayyazuddin, 1930A modem introduction to particle physics I Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographicalreferences and index. ISBN 9810238762 (alk. paper) ISBN 9810238770 (pbk) 1. Particles (Nuclear physics) I. Riazuddin. 11. Title. QC793.2 .F39 2000 539.7'2--dc21
00-035183
British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright 0 2000 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. AI1 rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
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Thou seest not in the creation of Allmerciful any imperfection. Return thy gaze; seest thou any fissure? Then return thy gaze again, and again and thy gaze comes back to thee dazzled, aweary Koran, The Kingdom LXVII
Preface to the first edition Particle physics has been one of the frontiers of science since J. J. Thompson’s discovery of the electron about one hundred years ago. Since then physicists have been concerned with (i) attempts to discover the ultimate constituents of matter, (ii) the fundamental forces through which the fundamental constituents interact, and (iii) seeking a unification of the fundamental forces. At the present level of experimental resolution, the smallest units of matter appear to be leptons and quarks, which