Introduction To Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles And Techniques,second Edition

This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles and Techniques Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a standard tool for mapping the working brain’s activation patterns, both in health and in disease. It is an interdisciplinary field and crosses the borders of neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, radiology, mathematics, physics, and engineering. Developments in techniques, procedures and our understanding of this field are expanding rapidly. In this second edition of Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Richard Buxton – a leading authority on fMRI – provides an invaluable guide to how fMRI works, from introducing the basic ideas and principles to the underlying physics and physiology. He covers the relationship between fMRI and other imaging techniques and includes a guide to the statistical analysis of fMRI data. This book will be useful both to the experienced neuroscientist, and the clinician or researcher with no previous knowledge of the technology. Ri ch ard B. B uxt on is Professor of Radiology at the University of California at San Diego. Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles and Techniques SECOND EDITION Richard B. Buxton University of California, San Diego, USA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521899956 © R. B. Buxton 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-60520-8 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-89995-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For Lynn Contents Preface to the second edition ix Preface to the first edition xi Part I An overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging 1 Part IA Introduction to the 9 10 Techniques in MRI 11 Noise and artifacts in MR images 252 physiological basis of functional neuroimaging 3 magnetic resonance imaging 65 3 Nuclear magnetic resonance 67 4 Magnetic resonance imaging 85 5 Imaging functional activity 101 12 Contrast agent techniques 13 Arterial spin labeling techniques 307 117 Part IIA The nature of the Relaxation and contrast in MRI level dependent imaging 203 339 14 The BOLD effect 15 Design and analysis of BOLD experiments 368 16 Interpreting the BOLD response 400 Appendix 147 173 Part IIB Magnetic resonance imaging 281 341 119 6 Basic physics of magnetism and NMR 121 8 Diffusion and the MR signal 279 Part IIIB Blood oxygenation Part II Principles of magnetic 7 277 Part IIIA Perfusion imaging Part IB Introduction to functional magnetic resonance signal 232 magnetic resonance imaging Cer