E-Book Content
The Science and Practice of Rubber Mixing
Nobuyuki Nakajima
Contents
1
Introduction .................................................................................................... 5 1.1
2
3
Polymerisation and molecular architecture ............................................ 5 1.1.1
Natural rubber ........................................................................... 5
1.1.2
Styrene-butadiene copolymer ..................................................... 5
1.1.3
Polybutadiene ............................................................................ 8
1.1.4
Nitrile rubber ............................................................................. 9
1.1.5
Ethylene-propylene terpolymer ................................................ 10
1.1.6
Polyethylacrylate ...................................................................... 10
1.1.7
Polydimethyl siloxane .............................................................. 11
1.1.8
Masterbatches .......................................................................... 11
1.2
What is rubber? ................................................................................... 11
1.3
Formulation ......................................................................................... 14
1.4
Mixing equipment ............................................................................... 15
Mill Processability ......................................................................................... 23 2.1
Mastication and mill processability ..................................................... 23
2.2
Interpretation of mill processability ..................................................... 25
2.3
Science of mill processability................................................................ 27
Overview of Mixing of Rubber ..................................................................... 33 3.1
Unit processes ...................................................................................... 33
3.2
Interpretation of the mixing process .................................................... 35
3.3
Compaction as a part of the mechanism in incorporating carbon black into an elastomer ............................................................ 42
i
Science and Practice of Rubber Mixing
4
5
6
ii
3.3.1
Introduction ............................................................................. 42
3.3.2
Experiment-I ............................................................................ 42
3.3.3
Results-I ................................................................................... 44
3.3.4
Discussion-I ............................................................................. 51
3.3.5
Experiment-II ........................................................................... 55
3.3.6
Results-II ................................................................................. 56
3.3.7
Discussion-II ............................................................................ 68
Viscoelasticity and Fracture ........................................................................... 71 4.1
Introduction to viscoelasticity .............................................................. 71
4.2
Viscoelasticity for characterisation....................................................... 77
4.3
Viscoelastic behaviour