ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 46 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME E. R. Chenette L. G. Christophorou J . M. Cowley J.-F. Delpech J.-C. Gauthier Allan Rosencwaig A. van der Ziel Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITEDBY L. MARTON Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Associate Editor CLAIRE MARTON EDITORIAL BOARD E. R. Piore T. E. Allibone M. Ponte H. B. G. Casimir W. G. Dow A. Rose L. P. Smith A. 0. C. Nier F. K. Willenbrock VOLUME 46 1978 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT @ 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMlC PRESS, INC. ( L O N D O N ) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW17DX LIBRARY O F CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:49-7504 ISBN 0-12-014646-0 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 46 . FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ix Electron Microdiffraction J . M . COWLEY I. I1. III . IV . V. Introduction . . . . . . . . Theory of Imaging and Diffraction . Diffraction Techniques . . . . Operational Factors . . . . . Interpretation and Application . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 14 31 36 50 The Lifetimes of Metastable Negative Ions L . G . CHRISTOPHOROU I. I1. I11. IV . V. VI . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . Metastable Atomic Negative Ions . . . . . . . . . Extremely Short-Lived Metastable Molecular Negative Ions . Moderately Short-Lived Metastable Molecular Negative Ions . Long-Lived Parent Molecular Negative Ions Formed by Electron Capture in the Field of the Ground Electronic State (Nuclear-Excited Feshbach Resonances) . . . . . . . VII . Long-Lived Parent Negative Ions Formed by Electron Capture in the Field of an Excited Electronic State [Electron-Excited Feshbach Resonances (Core-Excited Type I)] . . . . . VIII . Long-Lived Metastable Fragment Negative Ions . . . . . IX . Autodetachment Lifetimes of Doubly Charged Negative Ions . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 61 75 71 79 89 . . . . 116 . . . . 118 . . . . 122 125 Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Atomic and Molecular Excited States: Kinetic Studies J.-C. GAUTHIER A N D J.-F. DELPECH I. I1. 111. IV . V. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct and Indirect Methods for Excited-State Kinetics Studies . . Experimental Techniques for Pulsed-Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy Methods of Data Analysis and Reduction . . . . . . . . . Applications to Atomic and Molecular Physics . . . . . . . Recent Developments and Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . 131 . . 132 . . . . . . . . . 143 164 172 195 199 vi CONTENTS Photoacoustic Spectroscopy ALLAN ROSENCWAIG I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . The Early History of the Photoacoustic Effect . . 111. The Photoacoustic Effect in Gases . . . . . . IV . Theory of the Photoacoustic Effect in Solids . . . V .