ADVANCES IN G E O P H Y S I C S VOLUME 38 This Page page intentionally Intentionally left Leftblank Blank Advances in GEOPHYSICS Edited by RENATA DMOWSKA Division of Applied Sciences Haward University Cambridge, Massachusetts BARRY SALTZMAN Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University New Haven. Connecticut VOLUME 38 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free [email protected] Copyright Q 1996 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, clcctronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. A Division of Harcourt Bracc & Company 525 B Slrcct, Suite 1900, San Diegu, Califarnia92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published hy Academic Prcss Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW 1 7DX International Standard Serial Number: 0065-2687 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-01 8838-4 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 96 97 9 8 9 9 00 01 BB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Aftershocks and Fault-Zone Properties CARLKLSSLINGER 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Phenomenology of Aftershocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Definitions and Basic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Aftershocks of Normal Depth and of Deeper Mainshocks 2.3 Growth of the Aftershock Zone with Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 The Distribution of Magnitudes and the Strongest Aftershock . . . . 3. Temporal Behavior of Aftershocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 The Modified Omori Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 The Stretched Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Extensions of the MOM and STREXP Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 The Dieterich Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Indentification of Aftershocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Fitting a Rate Function to the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Physical Factors Controlling the Rate of Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Models of Aftershock Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Interpreting Observations of Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Class 3 Aftershocks and Events Triggered at Large Distances . . . . . . . . 7. Discussion and Future Research Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 14 16 17 17 20 29 32 34 On FIRE at Ten DAVIDA . RANDALL. BRUCEALBRECHT. STEPHEN Cox. DOUGJOHNSON. o ’ c. STARR PATRICK MINNIS.WILLIAM ROSSOW. AND DAVID 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Scientific Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Climate Modeling Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Remote Sensing Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Overview of Cirrus Climatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Overview of Boundary-Layer Cloud Climatology . . . . . . . . . . . . V 37 40 40 42 45 51 vi