ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 8 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME Emanuel Borker S. G. Bradley Thomas D. Brock Cecil W. Chambers Norman A. Clarke Arnold L. Demain Paul A. Hartman Heiner Hoffman Nino F. Insalata Stephen Alan Kollins Colette P. Levi Wesley 0. Pipes George W. Reinbold Martin H. Rogoff Devi S. Saraswat John S. Witzeman ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edifed by WAYNE W. UMBREIT Department of Bacteriology Rutgers, The State University New Brunswick, New Jersey VOLUME 8 ACADEMIC PRESS, New York and London COPYRIGHT @ 1966, BY ACADEMICPmss INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED I N ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.l LIBHAHY O F CONGRESS CATALOG C A R D NUMBER:59-13823 PRINTED I N THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. EMANUELBORKER, General Foods Technical Center, White Plains, New York (315) S. G. BRADLEY, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (29) THOMAS D. BROCK,Department Bloomington, Zndianu ( 61 ) of Microbiology, Indiana University, CECILW. CHAMBERS, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Robert A. Tap, Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio ( 105) NORMAN A. CLARKE, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Robert A. Tuft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (105) ARNOLD L. DEMAIN, Merck Sharp G Dohme Laboratories, Merck G CO., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey ( 1 ) PAULA. HARTMAN,Departments uf Bacteriology and Dairy Food Zndustry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa ( 2 5 3 ) HEINERHOFFMAN,Department of Microbiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, New York (195) NINOF. INSALATA, General Foods Technical Center, White Plains, New York (315) STEPHEN ALANKOLLINS,Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey (145)l COLETTEP. LEVI, General Foods Technical Center, White Plains, New York (315) WESLEY0. PIPES,Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Zllinois (77) GEORGEW. REINBOLD,Departments of Bacteriology and Dairy Food Industry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa ( 2 5 3 ) 1 Present Address: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio. V vi CONTRIBUTORS MARTIN H. ROGOFF, Znternational Minerals G Chemical Corporation, Wasco, California (291) DEVIS. SARASWAT, Departments of Bacteriology and Dairy Food Industry, Iowa State Uniuersity, Ames, Zowa (253)' S. WITZEMAN, General Foods Technical Center, W h i t e Plains, New York (315) JOHN 2 Present Address: Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, India. PREFACE This volume, the eighth - of this serial -publication, continues its relatively wide coverage, which is characteristic of the essay type of approach, of the problems of transmission of information, ideas, and evaluations, an approach which appears to be more useful as the range of knowledge expands and the erudition required of the applied microbiologist increases. It is curious how a group of essays assembled somewhat at random, and prepared independently, tend to coalesce about a theme. Thus, since this does occur without plan or previous design, we take it to mean that such sub