Encyclopedia Of Nationalism, Two-volume Set Vol. Ii

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATIONALISM LEADERS, MOVEMENTS, AND CONCEPTS VOLUME 2 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ALEXANDER J. MOTYL RUTGERS UNIVERSTY INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD MARK R. BEISSINGER University of Wisconsin JOHN J. BREUILLY University of Birmingham ROGERS BRUBAKER University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS M. CALLAGHY University of Pennsylvania JOSÉ CASANOVA New School for Social Research PARTHA CHATTERJEE Center for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta WALKER CONNER Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut LIAH GREENFELD Boston University MICHAEL HECHTER University of Arizona MIROSLAV HROCH Universitat Karlovy DAVID D. LAITIN University of Chicago GAIL LAPIDUS Stanford University KAZUO NAKAI University of Tokyo ORLANDO PATTERSON Harvard University DONALD ROTHCHILD University of California, Davis JACK SNYDER Columbia University RONALD GRIGOR SUNY University of Chicago ARNOLD SUPPAN Austrian Institute of East and South-East European Studies KATHERINE M. VERDERY Johns Hopkins University M. CRAWFORD YOUNG University of Wisconsin ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATIONALISM LEADERS, MOVEMENTS, AND CONCEPTS VOLUME 2 SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK BOSTON LONDON SYDNEY TOKYO This book is printed on acid-free paper.  ⬁ Copyright  2001 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Academic Press A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-102545 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-227230-7 (set) International Standard Book Number: 0-12-227231-5 (volume 1) International Standard Book Number: 0-12-227232-3 (volume 2) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 00 01 02 03 04 05 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS A Achebe, Chinua Adams, Gerry Adenauer, Konrad Afghanistan, Nationalism in African Nationalism Afrikaner Nationalism AIM (American Indian Movement), see American Indians and Nationalism Aitmatov, Chingiz Akayev, Askar Akc¸ura, Yusuf Al-Afghani, As-sayid Jamal al-Din Al-Assad, Hafez, see Syrian Nationalism Alevi Organizations Al-Fatah, see Palestinian Nationalism Algeria, Nationalism in Aliyev, Heydar American Nationalism, Pre-1914 American Revolution Angolan Nationalism, see Portuguese Colonies and Nationalism Anschluss Anthems, see National Anthems Austro-Hungarian Empire Authoritarianism Autonomy B Back to Africa Movement Baden-Powell, Robert Anticommunism Bahamian Nationalism, see Caribbean Nationalism Anti-Semitism Balakirev, Mily Alekseyevich Antonescu, Ion Apartheid Balfour Declaration Arab League Baltic Nationalism, see Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian Nationalism Arab Nationalism Bancroft, George Arafat, Yasser Bandera, Stepan Archaeology and Nationalism Bangladeshi Nationalism Arendt, Hannah Baraka, Imamu Amiri (LeRoi Jones) Argentinian Nationalism Aribau, Carles Armenian Nat