ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 78 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME Martin Alexander J h o s BBrdy Jean-Marc Bollag J. S. Bond S . G. Bradley John C. Godfrey Hiroshi Kawaguchi Kenneth E. Price ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by D. PERLMAN School of Pharmacy The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin VOLUME 18 @ 1974 ACADEMIC PRESS, New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT 0 1974, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York,New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER: 59-13823 ISBN 0-12-002618-X PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ................................................ vii Microbial Formation of Environmental Pollutants MARTIN ALEXANDER I. Introduction .................................................. I1. Products of Pesticide Metabolism ................................ 111. Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds .................................. IV . Simple Carbon Compounds ..................................... V. Acidity and Mine Drainage ..................................... VI . Simple Sulfur Compounds ...................................... VII . Mercury ..................................................... VIII . Arsenic ...................................................... IX. Selenium and Tellurium ........................................ X . Oxygen ...................................................... XI . Nitrosamines .................................................. XI1. Other Carcinogens ............................................. XI11. Complex Human and Animal Toxins .............................. XIV . Other Phytotoxins ............................................. XV . Other Compounds with Odor and Taste ........................... XVI . Perspective ................................................... References .................................................... 1 2 13 28 34 37 43 46 47 49 50 53 56 60 62 63 64 Microbial Transformation of Pesticides JEAN-MARCBOLLAG I. I1. I11. IV . V. Introduction .................................................. 75 Mechanisms of Pesticide Transformation .......................... 77 Enzymatic Reactions in Pesticide Metabolism ...................... 81 Chemical Structure and Microbial Transformation Relationship . . . . . . . . 114 Conclusions ................................................... 122 References ................................................... 124 Taxonomic Criteria for Mycobacteria and Nocardiae S . G. BRADLEYAND J . S. BOND I . Introduction .................................................. I1. Earlier Classification Schemes ................................... V 132 133 vi CONTENTS 111. IV . V. VI . VII . VIII . IX . X. Developing Classification Systems ................................ Differential Characters ......................................... Regulation of Metabolism ...................................... Degradation of IntracelluIar Proteins ............................. DNA Analyses ................................................ Definition of the Genera ........................................ Evaluation of Species .......................................... Concluding Remarks .....