Advances in Applied Mechanics Volume 41
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ADVANCES IN
APPLIED MECHANICS Edited by Hassan Aref VIRGINIA TECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BLACKSBURG, VA, USA
Erik van der Giessen UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
VOLUME 41
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Amsterdam Paris
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
ACADEMIC PRESS
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2007 Copyright r 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
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ISBN-13:978-0-12-002057-7 ISBN-10:0-12-002057-2 ISSN:0065-2156 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com
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Contents PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
Streamline Topology: Patterns in Fluid Flows and their Bifurcations Morten Brøns I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bifurcation of Flows Away from Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Near a Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Near a Wall with Mirror Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axisymmetric Flows and Application to Vortex Breakdown . Conclusions and Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 1 4 9 20 27 32 38 40
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73
Electrospinning of Nanofibers from Polymer Solutions and Melts D.H. Reneker, A.L. Yarin, E. Zussman and H. Xu Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various Methods of Producing Nanofibers . . . . . . . . . . . Electrospinning of Nanofibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taylor Cone and Jetting from Liquid Droplets in Electrospinning of Nanofibers . . . . . . . .