ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 31 CONTRIBUTORS TO THISVOLUME P. L. Bargellini P. H. Dawson W. J. Fleming G. H. Kimbell Sherman K. Poultney E. S. Rittner J. E. Rowe Richard 0. Rowlands Edward S. Yang Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITED BY L. MARTON Sniithsoniun Inst it u tion, Washington, D. C. Assistant Editor CLAIRE MARTON EDITORIAL BOARD E. R. Piore T. E. Allibone M. Ponte H . B. G. Casimir W. G . Dow A. Rose L. P. Smith A. 0. C . Nier F. K. Willenbrock VOLUME 31 1972 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT 0 1972, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N O PART OF THlS PUBLlCATlON MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION I N WRITING FROM T H E PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue, New York. New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/24 Oval Road, L o n d o n N W 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 49-7504 PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO FOREWORD . . VOLUME 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vii ix Chemical Lasers P . H . DAWSONA N D G . H . KIMBELL I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . 11. General Conditions for Lasing Action . 111. The Vibrational Transition . . . . 1V . The Pumping Reaction . . . . . . V . Relaxation of the Excited State . . . V1. Characteristics Favorable to Chemical Laser VII . Some Laser Systems . VIII . Conclusion . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 9 16 26 29 35 36 Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Photon Detection and Timing: Experimentsand Techniques SHERMAN K . POULTNEY I . Introduction . . . . I1 . Single Photon Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Fast Timing with Single Photons . . . . . . . . . 1V. Single Photon Detection with Moderate Timing Requirements . Appendix: Summary of Photomultiplier Notation . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 42 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 114 114 Advances in Satellite Communications P. L . BARGELLINI AND E . S . RITTNER I . Introduction . . . . . . . . 11. The INTELSAT System 111. The Orbita System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1V . Systems Considerations . V. V I. VII . VIII . 1X . . . . . . . Spectrum and Orbit Utilization . . . . Modulation, Multiplexing. and Mul