Advances in ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH VOLUME 28 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH Edited by A.H. FITTER Department of Biology, University of York, UK D. RAFFAELLI Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK VOLUME 28 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 0 1999 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 9 2 1 0 1 4 9 5 , USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW17DX.UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ ISBN 0-12-0139284 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall 99 0001 02 03 04 MP9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors to Volume 28 S.R. BALCOMBE, Co-operative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Department of Environmental Management and Ecology, La Trobe University, P O . Box 821, Wodonga, Wc. 3689, Australia. T.M. BLACKBURN, NERC Centrefor Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PI: UK. S.P. BLYTHE, Department of Statistics and Modelling Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow GI IXH, UK. R.M. CALLAWAY, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. G.P. CLOSS, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. K.J. GASTON, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Shefield, Shefield S10 2TN, UK. S.J. GOETZ, Department of Geography, Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. W.S.C. GURNEY, Department of Statistics and Modelling Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow GI l X H , UK. S.P. LONG, Departments of Crop Science and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 379 Edward R. Madigan Laboratories, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL.61801, USA. A.R. MCLEOD, Centre for the Study of Environmental Change and Sustainability, John Muir Building, The Kings Buildings, Mayfeld Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK. B .E. MAHALL, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. S.D. PRINCE, Department of Geography, Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. H.J. SCHENK, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101-3351, USA. M.J. SHIRLEY, Co-operative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, We. 3168, Australia. (Current address: Environmental Sciences, Water ECOscience, Private Bag I, Mount Waverley, Wc. 3149, Australia.) T.K. STOKES, CEFAS, Lowestofi Laboratory, Pakefeld Road, Lowestofi NR33 OHT UK. This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface This volume contains six reviews which address modelling, experimental and empirical approaches to pure and applied ec