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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport Volume 7
Advisory Board
Robert W . Berliner I . S. Edelman I . M . Glynn Francois Morel Shmuel Razin Aser Rothstein H . J . Schatzmann Stanley G. Schultz Philip Siekevitz Daniel C. Tosteson
Contributors
Richard A . DilZey Robert T. Giaquinta Paul G. LeFevre E. A . C. MacRobbie Warren S. Rehm
Current Topics in Membranes and Transport
VOLUME 7
Edited by Felix Bronner Department o j Oral Biology University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, Connecticut and
Arnort Kleinzeller Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1975
Academic Press
New York
San Francisco
London
A Subsidiary of H a r w r t Brace Jamnwich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT 0 1975, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
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List of Contributors, v i i Contents of Previous Volumes, ix
Ion transport in Plant Cells E. A. C. MacROBBIE I. Introduction, 1 11. Potassium-Sodium Regulation, 6 111. Active Hf Extrusion, 9 IV. Salt Accumulation in the Vacuole, 13 V. Comparison with Animal Cells, 38 References, 40
H+ Ion Transport and Energy Transduction in Chloroplasts RICHARD A. DILLEY AND ROBERT T. GIAQUINTA
I, Introduction, 49 11. Chloroplast Structure and Ion Fluxes, 57 111. Electron Transport, 59 IV. Proton Fluxes across Chloroplast Thylakoid Membranes, 60 V. The Proton Gradient and Energy Transduction, 81 VI. Interpretations of H+/ATP Ratio Data, 88 VII. ilre There Different Sites of ATP Synthesis?, 90 VIII. Membrane Potential and the Energized State, 91 IX. On the Mechanism of Energy Transduction, 92 X. A Molecular Approach for Measuring Conformational Changes, 94 References, 99 The Present State of the Carrier Hypothesis PAUL G. LeFEVRE
1. Evolution of the Question, 109 11. Specific Problems in Formal Application of Carrier Models, 167 111. Alternative Frameworks for Interpretation of Biological Solute Distribution and Translocation, 185 IV. Evaluation of Present Position and Future Prospects, 193 References, 194 V
vi
CONTENTS
Ion Transport and Short-circuit Technique WARREN S. REHM
I. Introduction, 217 11. Analysis of Ionic Transport on the Basis of a Simple Conceptual Model, 219 111. Implications of the Short-circuiting Technique with a More Realistic Circuit, 230 IV. Effect of a Diffusion Barrier with a Resistance Comparable to That of the Cell Layer, 232 V. A Comparison of the Simple Ussing-Zerahn Circuit with a More Realistic Circuit, 235 VI. The Heinz-Durbin Use of the Short-Circuit Technique for Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanism of HC1 Formation 239 by the Gastric MUCOB&, VII. Fallacy of Concluding that an Ion Is Passive if Its Net Transport Is Zero under Short-Cireuit Conditions, 244 VIII. Fallacy of Concluding that an Ion Is Passive if It Obeys the Flux-Ratio Equation, 247 IX. Prediction of the Short-Circuit Current from the Open-Circuit P D and Resistance, 250 Appendix A: Role of Water Drag on Ion Transport, 253 Appendix B: The Electrodiffusion Equations and Ion Transport, 257 Appendix C: Electrogenic Pumps, 261 Appendix D : Problem of Using Short-circuit Technique on Tissues with High Secretory Rates and/or Complicated Geometry,