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This book looks at the rise, during this century, of planned development. Most discussion has stressed differences in the style, content and organization of planning in various countries, but this book focuses on the similarities, arguing that it is done in much the same way everywhere, and for basically the same reasons. It begins by tracing the history of modern planning to the efforts of Russia and the western countries earlier this century to organize and control industrialization and economic growth. It looks at the characteristic structures, processes and organizations; of planning and the conflicts in intentions and aspirations of modern states and of ordinary people. A detailed case study of planning in Malaysia is also included.
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Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology General editor: Jack Goody
52 PEOPLE AND THE STATE
For other titles in this series turn to page 333
People and the state An anthropology of planned development
A.F. ROBERTSON Darwin College, Cambridge
The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521265492 © Cambridge University Press 1984 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1984 Re-issued in this digitally printed version 2007 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 84-7652 ISBN 978-0-521-26549-2 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-31948-5 paperback
For Francesca
Contents
List of figures and map Preface Introduction
page ix xi 1
1 History Introduction 1917-39: Foundations 1939-55: Techniques for growth 1950-70: Modernisation 1950-70: The Third World - Us and Them The 1960s: The rise of Development Studies 1970-80: Underdevelopment and the crisis in planning Conclusion: The development of planning Appendix A: Aid and development planning Appendix B: Planning in Britain Appendix C: Some significant dates in the history of national development planning 2
Structures and processes Introduction The state and the planners The planning process: ideal and reality Planning ideas: symbols and languages Planning time: targets and phases Planning economies: sectors and regions Planning resources: development projects Planners and the public Appendix D: Thirty-eight thousand development programmes
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7 7 9 18 26 35 43 48 61 69 75 78 85 85 88 97 106 111 115 120 128 139
Contents 3
Organisations Introduction The community and its development Administrative organisation: development agents and agencies Economic organisation: cooperatives and communes Political organisation: councils and committees Organising ideas: the mass media and education
140 140 142 150 160 170 175
4
Contradictions Introduction People as planners Social movements and Utopian images Utopia created: reformist movements Utopia pursued: revolutionary movements Utopia, the state and social science Populism: an ideology of national development planning
182 182 185 191 196 204 211 221
5
Malaysia - a case study Introduction The emerg