The Drift Of Sea Ice

The Drift of Sea Ice Matti LeppaÈranta The Drift of Sea Ice Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Professor Matti LeppaÈranta Division of Geophysics University of HelsinkõÂ Helsinki Finland SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN GEOPHYSICAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: Dr Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior Scientist, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK ISBN 3-540-40881-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springeronline.com) Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra®e; detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de Library of Congress Control Number: 2004110445 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of ®gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii List of symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Drift ice material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Sea ice cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Sea ice landscape . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Sea ice zones . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Sea ice charting . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Ice ¯oes to drift ice particles . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Size and shape of ice ¯oes . . . 2.3 Thickness of drift ice . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Basic characteristics . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Measurement methods . . . . . . 2.3.3 Ice thickness distribution . . . . 2.4 Sea ice ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Structure of ridges . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Statistical distributions of ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .