Metal And Ceramic Based Composites

METAL AND CERAMIC BASED COMPOSITES COMPOSITE MATERIALS SERIES Series Editor: R. Byron Pipes, Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA Friction and Wear of Polymer Composites (K. Friedrich, Editor) Fibre Reinforcements for Composite Materials (A.R. Bunsell, Editor) Textile Structural Composites (T.-W. Chou and F.K. KO, Editors) Fatigue of Composite Materials (K.L. Reifsnider, Editor) Interlaminar Response of Composite Materials (N.J. Pagano, Editor) Application of Fracture Mechanics to Composite Materials (K. Fiedrich, Editor) Vol. 7 Thermoplastic Composite Materials (L.A. Carlsson, Editor) Vol. 8 Advances in Composite Tribology (K. Friedrich, Editor) Vol. 9 Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials (R. Talreja, Editor) Vol. 10 Flow and Rheology in Polymer Composites Manufacturing (S.G. Advani, Editor) Vol. 1 1 Composite Sheet Forming (D. Bhattacharyya, Editor) Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cover illustration - The fracture surface of a sapphire fibre. The pore, certainly initiating the failure, can be seen. For further details see section 14.2.2. Composite Materials Series, 12 METAL AND CERAMIC BASED COMPOSITES SOT.Mileiko Solid State Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Chernogolovka Moscow district, 142432, Russia 1997 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 21 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam. The Netherlands ISBN 0-444-82814- 1 (Vol. 12) ISBN 0-444-42525-X (Series) 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science B.V., Copyright and Permissions Department, P.O. Box 52 1 , 1000 AM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury andlor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed in The Netherlands PREFACE Modern scientific and technological fields are frequently of an interdisciplinary (composite) nature. The field of fibrous composites should be no exception. It has therefore long been the author's intention to combine the various aspects of composites into one composite field. Unlike fibre-reinforced plastics, the family of metal- and ceramic-based composites is still quite a new group of materials with a large variety of mechanical and physical properties. It is still rather tricky in producing such materials to track down the necessary technical information as this is not yet always well documented. To be an expert in the field of metal- and ceramic-matrix composites one has to be able to stroll freely over the whole field of composite materials. The main idea of the present book is to link together.fabrication - s t r u c t u r e properties chains, in order to make clear for composite