E-Book Overview
In 1996, Garland published the second edition of the <EM>Encyclopedia of Police <EM>Science, edited by the late William G. Bailey. The work covered all the major sectors of policing in the US. Since then much research has been done on policing issues, and there have been significant changes in techniques and in the American police system. Technological advances have refined and generated methods of investigation. Political events, such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States, have created new policing needs while affecting public opinion about law enforcement. These developments appear in the third, expanded edition of the <EM>Encyclopedia of Police <EM>Science. 380 entries examine the theoretical and practical aspects of law enforcement, discussing past and present practices.
The added coverage makes the <EM>Encyclopedia more comprehensive with a greater focus on today's policing issues. Also added are themes such as accountability, the culture of police, and the legal framework that affects police decision. New topics discuss recent issues, such as Internet and crime, international terrorism, airport safety, or racial profiling. Entries are contributed by scholars as well as experts working in police departments, crime labs, and various fields of policing.
E-Book Content
CONTENTS Associate Editors
vii
List of Contributors
ix
Introduction
xix
List of Entries A–Z
xxix
Entries A–Z
1
Index
I1
v
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Gary W. Cordner College of Justice and Safety Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky Edward R. Maguire Administration of Justice Program George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia Peter K. Manning College of Criminal Justice Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
vii
CONTRIBUTORS Julie C. Abril University of California, Irvine
Joanne Belknap University of Cincinnati
Geoffrey Alpert University of South Carolina, Columbia
Eric Bellone University of Massachusetts–Lowell
Karen L. Amendola Police Foundation, Washington, DC
Trevor Bennett University of Glamorgan Pontypridd, Wales
Malcolm Anderson University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Julie Berg Institute of Criminology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
W. Carsten Andresen Northeastern University
Elizabeth P. Biebel Eastern Kentucky University
Edward J. Appel Joint Council on Information Age Crime Bethesda, Maryland
Pia Biswas Rutgers University
Richard M. Ayers Fredericksburg, Virginia
William P. Bloss The Citadel
Ryan Baggett Eastern Kentucky University
John M. Boal The University of Akron
William G. Bailey Sam Houston State University
Heidi S. Bonner State University of New York at Albany
Thomas E. Baker University of Scranton
Jeb A. Booth Northeastern University
Clifford Barcliff Police Futurists International
Anthony V. Bouza Minneapolis Police Department
Emmanuel P. Barthe University of Nevada–Reno
Lorenzo M. Boyd University of North Texas
Margaret E. Beare Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption York University, Toronto, Canada
Rebecca J. Boyd Indiana University of Pennsylvania
ix
CONTRIBUTORS Anthony A. Braga Harvard University
John A. Conley University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Jean-Paul Brodeur Universite´ de Montreal, Que´bec, Canada
Ed Connors Institute for Law and Justice Alexandria, Virginia
Michael F. Brown Southeast Missouri State University Michael E. Buerger Bowling Green State University Richard Butler New Jersey State Parole Board Donald A. Cabana University