Cruisers And Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History Of Their Impact

CRUISERS AND BATTLE CRUISERS Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s WEAPONS AND WARFARE SERIES Spencer C. Tucker, Series Editor Air Defense, Shannon A. Brown Aircraft Carriers, Hedley Paul Wilmott Ancient Weapons, James T. Chambers Artillery, Jeff Kinard Ballistic Missiles, Kev Darling Battleships, Stanley Sandler Destroyers, Eric W. Osborne Helicopters, Stanley S. McGowen Machine Guns, James H. Willbanks Medieval Weapons, James T. Chambers Military Aircraft in the Jet Age, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, 1919–1945, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918, Justin D. Murphy Pistols, Jeff Kinard Rifles, David Westwood Submarines, Hedley Paul Wilmott Tanks, Spencer C. Tucker CRUISERS AND BATTLE CRUISERS AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THEIR IMPACT Eric W. Osborne Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2004 by Eric W. Osborne All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Osborne, Eric W. Cruisers and battle cruisers : an illustrated history of their impact / Eric W. Osborne. p. cm. — (Weapons and warfare series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85109-369-9 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-85109-370-2 (e-book) 1. Cruisers (Warships)—History. 2. Battle cruisers—History. I. Title. II. Series. V820.O83 2004 359.8’353—dc22 2004020200 07 06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Manufactured in the United States of America. CONTENTS Introduction to Weapons and Warfare Series, Spencer C. Tucker vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii chapter one The Precedents to the Cruiser 1 chapter two The Development of the Cruiser, 1860–1905 25 chapter three Cruisers, 1905–1939 71 chapter four Cruisers, 1939–2004 121 Individual Cruiser and Battle Cruiser Models Glossary 251 Selected Bibliography Index 271 v 255 167 INTRODUCTION TO WEAPONS AND WARFARE SERIES Weapons both fascinate and repel. They are used to kill and maim individuals and to destroy states and societies, and occasionally whole civilizations, and with these the greatest of man’s cultural and artistic accomplishments. Throughout history tools of war have been the instruments of conquest, invasion, and enslavement, but they have also been used to check evil and to maintain peace. Weapons have evolved over time to become both more lethal and more complex. For the greater part of man’s existence, combat was fought at the length of an arm or at such short range as to represent no real difference; battle was fought within line of sight and seldom lasted more than the hours of daylight of a single day. Thus individual weapons that began with the rock and the club proceeded through the sling and boomerang, bow and arrow, sword and axe, to gunpowder weapons of the rifle and machine gun of the late nineteenth century. Study of the evolution of t