A R C H I T E C T U R A L
A C O U S T I C S
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A R C H I T E C T U R A L
A C O U S T I C S
by Marshall Long from the Applications of Modern Acoustics Series Edited by Moises Levy and Richard Stern
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Cover image: The cover shows Grosser Musikvereinssaal in Vienna, Austria. The photograph was provided by AKG Acoustics, U.S., and is reproduced with permission.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-0-12-455551-8 ISBN 10: 0-12-455551-9 For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com
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The preparation of this book, which spanned more than ten years, took place in snatches of time – a few hours every evening and several more each weekend. It was time that was taken from commitments to family, home maintenance projects, teaching, and other activities forgone, of a pleasurable and useful nature. During that time our two older sons grew through their teens and went off to college. Our youngest son cannot remember a time when his father did not go upstairs to work every evening. So it is to my wife Marilyn and our sons Jamie, Scott, and Kevin that I dedicate this work. I am grateful for the time. I hope it was worth it. And to my environmentally conscious children, I hope it is worth the trees.
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CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD (650 bc–ad 400) Early Cultures Greeks Romans Vitruvius Pollio 1.2 EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD (ad 400–800) Rome and the West Eastern Roman Empire 1.3 ROMANESQUE PERIOD (800–1100) 1.4 GOTHIC PERIOD (1100–1400) Gothic Cathedrals 1.5 RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400–1600) Renaissance Churches Renaissance Theaters 1.6 BAROQUE PERIOD (1600–1750) Baroque Churches Baroque Theaters Italian Opera Houses Baroque Music Protestant Music 1.7 ORIGINS OF SOUND THEORY 1.8 CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750–1825) 1.9 ROMANTIC PERIOD (1825–1900) Shoebox Halls 1.10 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN ACOUSTICS 1.11 TWENTIETH CENTURY
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