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Fundamental elementary facts and theoretical tools for the interpretation and model development of solid-gas interactions are first presented in this work. Chemical, physical and electrochemical aspects are presented from a phenomenological, thermodynamic and kinetic point of view. The theoretical aspects of electrical properties on the surface of a solid are also covered to provide greater accessibility for those with a physico-chemical background. The second part is devoted to the development of devices for gas detection in a system approach. Methods for experimental investigations concerning solid-gas interactions are first described. Results are then presented in order to support the contribution made by large metallic elements to the electronic processes associated with solid-gas interactions.
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Physical Chemistry of Solid-Gas Interfaces
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Physical Chemistry of Solid-Gas Interfaces Concepts and Methodology for Gas Sensor Development
René Lalauze Series Editor Dominique Placko
First published in France in 2006 by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled “Physico-chimie des interfaces solide-gaz 1 et 2” First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2008 by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Translated from the French by Zineb Es-Skali and Matthieu Bourdrel. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 6 Fitzroy Square London W1T 5DX UK
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA
www.iste.co.uk
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd, 2008 © LAVOISIER, 2006 The rights of René Lalauze to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lalauze, René. [Physico-chimie des interfaces solide-gaz. English] Physical chemistry of solid-gas interfaces : concepts and methodology for gas sensors development / René Lalauze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84821-041-7 1. Gas-solid interfaces. 2. Gas detectors. I. Title. QD509.G37L3513 2008 681'.2--dc22 2008022737 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84821-041-7 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Chapter 1. Adsorption Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1. The surface of solids: general points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Illustration of adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1. The volumetric method or manometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2. The gravimetric method or thermogravimetry. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. Acting forces between a gas molecule and the surface of a solid. . . . 1.3.1. Van der Waals forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2. Expression of the potential between a molecule and a solid. . . . 1.3.3. Chemical forces between a gas species and the surface of a solid 1.3.4. Distinction between physical and chemical adsorption . . . . . . 1.4. Thermodynamic study of physic