Software Engineering - A Practitioner's Approach

Software Engineering A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACH McGraw-Hill Series in Computer Science Senior Consulting Editor C. L. Liu, National Tsing Hua University Consulting Editor Allen B. Tucker, Bowdoin College Fundamentals of Computing and Programming Computer Organization and Architecture Systems and Languages Theoretical Foundations Software Engineering and Databases Artificial Intelligence Networks, Parallel and Distributed Computing Graphics and Visualization The MIT Electrical and Computer Science Series Software Engineering and Databases Atzeni, Ceri, Paraborschi, and Torlone, Database Systems, 1/e Mitchell, Machine Learning, 1/e Musa, Iannino, and Okumoto, Software Reliability, 1/e Pressman, Software Engineering: A Beginner’s Guide, 1/e Pressman, Software Engineering: A Practioner’s Guide, 5/e Ramakrishnan/Gehrke, Database Management Systems, 2/e Schach, Classical and ObjectOriented Software Engineering with UML and C++, 4/e Schach, Classical and ObjectOriented Software Engineering with UML and Java, 1/e Software Engineering A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACH FIFTH EDITION Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D. Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright/2001, 1997, 1992, 1987, 1982, by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0073655783 Publisher: Thomas Casson Executive editor: Betsy Jones Developmental editor: Emily Gray Marketing manager: John Wannemacher Project manager: Karen J. Nelson Production supervisor: Heather Burbridge Coordinator freelance design: Keith McPherson Supplement coordinator: Rose Range New media: Christopher Styles Cover design: Rhiannon Erwin Cover illustrator: Joseph Gilians Compositor: Carlisle Communications, Ltd. Typeface: 8.5/13.5 Leawood Printer: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pressman, Roger S. Software engineering: a practitioner’s approach / Roger S. Pressman.—5th ed. p. cm.— (McGraw-Hill series in computer science) Includes index. ISBN 0-07-365578-3 1. Software engineering. I. Title. II. Series. QA76.758.P75 2001 005.1—dc21 00-036133 http://www.mhhe.com To my parents ABOUT THE AUTHOR R oger S. Pressman is an internationally recognized authority in software process improvement and software engineering technologies. For over three decades, he has worked as a software engineer, a manager, a professor, an author, and a consultant, focusing on software engineering issues. As an industry practitioner and manager, Dr. Pressman worked on the development of CAD/CAM systems for advanced engineering and manufacturing applications. He has also held positions with responsibility for scientific and systems programming. After receiving a Ph.D. in engineering from the University of Connecticut, Dr. Pressman moved to academia where he became Bullard Associate Professor of Computer Engineering at the University of Bridgeport and director of the university's Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Center. Dr. Pressman is currently president of R.S. Pressman &