Train Aerodynamics: Fundamentals And Applications

TRAIN AERODYNAMICS Fundamentals and Applications CHRIS BAKER TERRY JOHNSON DOMINIC FLYNN HASSAN HEMIDA ANDREW QUINN DAVID SOPER MARK STERLING Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier. com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-813310-1 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Matthew Deans Acquisition Editor: Carrie Bolger Editorial Project Manager: Carrie Bolger Production Project Manager: Sruthi Satheesh Cover Designer: Christian Bilbow Typeset by TNQ Technologies Preface Textbooks on aerodynamics are usually concerned with the aerodynamic behaviour of streamlined bodies (e.g., aeroplanes and wings), operating well away from the ground in relatively low turbulence conditions. In such cases, the effects of turbulence are confined to thin regions, or boundary layers, next to the surface of the body. In all these respects, the subject of train aerodynamics is radically different. Even though parts of trains such as the nose may have been designed to be as streamlined as possible, trains are essentially nonstreamlined bluff bodies with large regions of separated flow a