Fundamentals Of Skill

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Studies of human performance made during the past twenty-five years have profoundly affected thought and practice in experimental psychology both in the laboratory and in many fields of application. The present volume attempts a broad survey and appraisal of the main ideas which have emerged from this work. In writing it, three points especially have been borne in mind: firstly, although the research surveyed did not aim at establishing a 'grand theory' of human behaviour, certain principles seem to recur in several contexts so that different facets of performance can be linked together more closely than they have been hitherto. Secondly, much of the work has involved mathematical treatments which have been difficult to master for those whose mathematical education, like the author's, stopped at the age of fifteen or sixteen. It was felt to be essential to discuss some of these treatments, but an effort has been made to do so in a way that requires no mathematical knowledge beyond O-level in the British General Certificate of Education together with an elementary course on statistics as usually taken by psychology students. Thirdly, many of the studies surveyed have been of interest not only to psychologists but also to those engaged in various branches of operational research and industrial work study, for whom psychological terms are often a barrier to understanding. Technical terminology has therefore been kept, as far as possible, within the bounds of that which is common to any broad scientific training.

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Fundamentals of .Sfrill vt, A. T. WELFORD M.4., Sc.D. Professor of Psychology in the University of Adelaide Formerly Fellow of St lohn's College, Cambridge and University Lecturer in Experimental Psychology METHUEN & CO LTD rr New Fetter Lane London EC+ First published 1968 by Methuen and Co e 1968 A. T, Welfurd Printed in Ctreat Britain by & Tanner Ltd Frome and London Butler SBN 416 o3ooo 9 Distributed in the USA by Barutes €* Noble fnc. Ltd Contents Preface I 9 II Introdustion Sensory-motor shill and tlu cyberrutic apfroach Signal dctection, vigilartrn afid dccision Mental skill and conceptuctl frameworks The present research position II 27 Simple Decisions lYebef s Law, threslwlds and, disdmirrution Tlw dccision-tlrcory approach The tirne required III for discrimination Identification and Choice 60 Hick' s inforuation-theory law Conceptual modcls Factors affecting thc extent to sthich reaction-time rises ssith number of alternatioes Separating idmtifuation from choice studies of prceptual selcction Fwtlw Mingle-Channel Operation ro5 The effect of a signal during the reaction-timc to a praious signal Tfu effect of a signal [email protected] tlrc movement made in to a preuious signal Sorne arnmalous resuhs Altematizte tlwories The speed of continuous prformance Meast ing'mefltal load' ,l 5 response Cmtutts 6 V Movement r37 Smsory control Time required for feedback to be effectioe Relationships between speed and accurecy VI Economy of Decision r6r Economy in prception Recoding and translation Higher units of perfotmance VII Short-Term Retention r97 Basic facts of immediate memory Sources of lhnitation Measuring thc capacity of thc store Locating the store Short-tqm retmtion as a factor in complex performance VIII
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