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GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS FOR BIOLOGISTS: A PRIMER
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GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS FOR BIOLOGISTS: A PRIMER Miriam Leah Zelditch, Donald L. Swiderski, H. David Sheets and William L. Fink
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
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This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2004, Elsevier (USA). All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ Elsevier Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.elsevier.com Elsevier Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.elsevier.com Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2004 107927 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0–12–77846–08
Printed and bound by Maple-Vail, Kirkwood, New York, USA 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
List of contributors
vii
Preface
ix
Abbreviations
xi
1
Introduction
1
Part I
Basics of Shape Data
21
2
Landmarks
23
3
Simple size and shape variables: Bookstein shape coordinates
51
4
Theory of shape
73
5
Superimposition methods
105
6
The thin-plate spline: visualizing shape change as a deformation
129
Part II
Analyzing Shape Variables
153
7
Ordination methods
155
8
Computer-based statistical methods
189