High-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design And Applications

High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fundamentals, Desig and Apdirations J; 2 ' cubhash r cinghal and Kevin Kendal h Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications ~ High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications Edited by: Subhash C Singhal and Kevin Kendall ELSEVIER UK USA JAPAN ElsevierLtd, The Boulevard, LangfordLane,Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK Elsevier Inc, 360 Park AvenueSouth, New York, NY 10010-1710,USA Elsevier Japan,Tsunashima Building Annex, 3-20-12 Yushima. Bunlryo-ku,Tokyo 113, Japan Copyright 02003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by anj7 means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data High temperature solid oxide fuel cells: fundamentals, design and applications 1.Solid oxide fuel cells I. Singhal, Subhash C. 11. Kendall, Kevin, 194362 1.3’12429 ISBN 1856173879 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData High temperature solid oxide fuel cells: fundamentals, design and applications / edited by Subhash C. Singhal and Kevin Kendall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85617-387-9 (hardcover) 1.Solidoxidefuelcells. I. Singhal, SubhashC. II.Kendal1,Kevin, 1943- TIC2931 .H54 2002 62 1.31’2429-dc2 1 2002040761 No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Published by Elsevier Advanced Technology, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington Oxford OX5 lGB, UK Tel.: +44(0) 1865 843000 Fax: +44(0) 1865 843971 Typeset by Variorum Publishing Ltd, Lancaster and Rugby Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to SOFCs 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Background Historical Summary Zirconia Sensors for Oxygen Measurement Zirconia Availability and Production High-Quality Electrolyte Fabrication Processes Electrode Materials and Reactions Interconnection for Electrically Connecting the Cells Cell and Stack Designs SOFC Power Generation Systems Fuel Considerations Competition and Combination with Heat Engines Application Areas and Relation to Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 1.13 SOFC-Related Publications References Chapter 2 1 2 4 5 7 8 11 12 14 15 17 18 19 19 History 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chapter 3 xi xv The Path to the First Solid Electrolyte Gas Cells From Solid Electrolyte Gas Cells to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells First Detailed Investigations of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Progressin the 1960s On the Path to Practical Solid Oxide Fuel Cells References 23 26 29 32 40 44 Thermodynamics 3.1 3.2 3.3. Introduction The Ideal Reversible SOFC Voltage Losses by Ohmic Resistance and by Mixing Effects by Fuel Utilisation 53 56 62 vi High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fun