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"In the last 15 years, a recognizable surge in the field of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) research and development has emerged. This emergence has sprung from a variety of factors. For one, inexpensive computer hardware and software is now available and can support the complex high-speed analyses of brain activity that is essential is BCI. Another factor is the greater understanding of the central nervous system including the abundance of new information on the nature and functional correlates of brain signals and improved methods for recording these signals in both the short-term and long-term. And the third, and perhaps most significant factor, is the new recognition of the needs and abilities of people disabled by disorders such as cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, and muscular dystrophies. The severely disabled are now able to live for many years and even those with severely limited voluntary muscle control can now be given the most basic means of communication and control because of the recent advances in the technology, research, and applications of BCI. This book is intended to provide an introduction to and summary of essentially all major aspects of BCI research and development. Its goal is to be a comprehensive, balanced, and coordinated presentation of the field's key principles, current practice, and future prospects.
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B R A I N– C OM PU T E R IN T E R FAC E S
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BRAIN–COMPUTER INTERFACES PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
EDITED BY
Jonathan R. Wolpaw, MD WADSWORTH CENTER N E W Y O R K S TAT E D E PA R T M E N T O F H E A LT H A L B A N Y, N Y
Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw, PhD E M E R I TA P R O F E S S O R O F C H E M I S T RY SIENA COLLEGE LOUDONVILLE, NY
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1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam
Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brain–computer interfaces : principles and practice / [edited by] Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-538885-5 (hardcover) 1. Brain mapping. 2. Pattern recognition systems. 3. Signal processing—Digital techniques. I. Wolpaw, Jonathan R. II. Wolpaw, Elizabeth Winter. [DNLM: 1. Brain Mapping. 2. Brain—physiology. 3. Pattern Recognition, Automated. 4. Self-Help Devices. 5. Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted. 6. User-Computer Interface. WL 335] RC386.6.B7B624 2012 616.800285—dc23 2011018572 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, although this ma