Classroom Motivation

Brief Contents PARTI INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 What Is Motivation? 1 PART II DEVELOPING THE SKILLS OF A MOTIVATIONAL TEACHER Chapter 2 Choosing Academic Tasks for Your Students 11 Chapter 3 Using Rewards Effectively 35 uj Chapter 4 Evaluating Student Progress 62 Chapter 5 Grouping Students for Instruction 94 Chapter 6 Working with Parents 113 PART III DEVELOPING A MOTIVATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE CLASSROOM Chapter 7 Promoting Autonomy in the Classroom 133 Chapter 8 The Self and Motivation 156 Chapter 9 Holding High Expectations for Students 176 Chapter 10 Motivational Problems 194 PART IV PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Chapter 11 Motivational Classrooms for All Learners 214 cA Index 239 Contents PARTI INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 What Is Motivation? 1 The Classroom Teacher and Motivation 2 The Bottom Line 2 Short-Term and Long-Term Effects 3 Introduction to the Theories 4 Basic Definitions 4 Self-Determination Theory 5 Attribution Theory 5 Expectancy-Value Theory 6 Social Cognitive Theory 6 Goal Orientation Theory 7 Motivation: What Do You Know? 8 Summary 9 References 9 PART II DEVELOPING THE SKILLS OF A MOTIVATIONAL TEACHER Chapter 2 Choosing Academic Tasks for Your Students 11 The Purpose of Tasks 12 Types of Tasks 13 Bloom's Taxonomy 16 A Motivational Perspective on Tasks 17 Why Are Task Values Important? 18 Student Interest and the Academic Task 19 Goal Orientations and Academic Tasks 21 Tasks and Students' Self-Concepts of Ability 23 What Kinds of Messages Do Tasks Send to Students? 23 Homework 25 Student Engagement and Behavior 26 Summary 28 XI xii Contents Questions to Consider 29 Learning Activities 29 References 30 Chapter 3 Using Rewards Effectively 35 Rewards in the Classroom 35 Theory and Research 36 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Distinctions and Correlations 39 Different Ways of Thinking About Rewards 39 Rewards and Reinforcement 40 Types of Rewards and Reinforcers 40 Rewards Used in Classrooms 41 Examples of Rewards 41 Characteristics of Rewards 42 Using Praise 45 Effects of Rewards on Motivation 46 Effects of Rewards on Academic Behaviors 46 Rewards and Cognitive Strategies 46 Rewards and Creativity 48 Rewards and Continuing Motivation 48 Short-Term Benefits, Long-Term Costs 49 Effects of Extrinsic Rewards oh Intrinsic Motivation 49 Overjustification 51 Self-Determination Theory 52 Considering Punishment 53 When Behavior Modification Goes Awry 54 Using Rewards Effectively 55 Summary 58 Questions to Consider 58 Learning Activity 58 References 59 Chapter 4 Evaluating Student Progress 62 General Issues Related to Assessment 63 Assessment and Educational Policy 64 Types of Assessments 65 Formal and Informal Assessments 65 Formative and Summative Evaluations 67 Standardized Examinations 67 Teacher-Prepared Assessments 68 Authentic Assessments 68 Observational Assessments 69 Portfolio Assessments 70 Performance Assessments 70 Contents xiii Characteristics of High-Quality Assessments 71 Reliability and Validity 71 Reliability 71 Validity 72 Reliability, Validity, and Motivation 73 Criteria for Scoring of Assessments 74 Norm-Referenced Scoring 74 Criterion-Referenced Scoring 75 Approaches to Scoring and Motivation 76 Assessment and Student Motivation 77 Goal Orientations and Assessment 77 Attributions and Assessment 77 Expectancy-Value Theory and Assessment 78 Self-Efficacy and Assessment 79 Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation and Assessment 79 Test Anxiety 80 High-Stakes Testing and Motivation 80 Designing an Assessment Plan 81 Reconsidering Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Scoring 82 Public versus Private Reporting of Assessment Scores 82 Considering Improvement and Effort 84 Providing Feedback and Opportunities for Remediation 84 Assessment and Cheating 85 Cheating 85 Why Students Cheat 86 Summary 88 Questions to Consider 88 Learning Activities 89 References 90 ; Chapter 5