E-Book Overview
This book challenges social scientists to reconsider the theoretical foundations of the study of social phenomena. Until now social scientists have assumed that varying environmental factors explain social phenomena and that there cannot be any common explanatory factor behind various social phenomena. However, the empirical evidence presented in this book and covering nearly 200 countries indicates that many kinds of human conditions depend significantly on differences in average intelligence of nations (national IQs).
Differences in intelligence help to explain all kinds of phenotypic social phenomena as well as the persistence of social inequalities in the world. Environmental factors affecting such phenomena vary from case to case, but intelligence reflecting the evolved human diversity remains the same explanatory factor across all phenotypic social phenomena. This means that it provides a unifying theoretical construct for the social sciences. Unfortunately social scientists have not yet realized that most problems explored in social sciences are phenotypic phenomena depending on both genotypic and environmental factors and that intelligence is a powerful genotypic common explanatory factor.
The arguments and hypotheses presented in this book are tested and supported by extensive empirical evidence. Ultimately empirical evidence will decide the destiny of conflicting theoretical arguments.
E-Book Content
Intelligence A Unifying Construct for the Social Sciences
R i c h a r d Ly n n & Tat u Va n h a n e n
INTELLIGENCE A Unifying Construct for the Social Sciences
Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen
Ulster Institute for Social Research
Published 2012 by Ulster Institute for Social Research London NW10 5TH, UK
ISBN 978-0-9568811-9-9
Copyright © 2012 Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen
All rights reserved
Printed in Great Britain
So it is that the gods do not give all men the gifts of race…neither good looks nor intelligence nor eloquence. Odysseus, speech to the suitors of Penelope from Homer’s Odyssey.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
1. Compartmentalization of the Social Sciences
2
2. National Intelligence and Economic Development
4
3. Criticism of National IQs
6
4. A Progressive Research Program
7
Chapter 2 The Measurement of the Intelligence of Nations 1. National IQs Measured by Intelligence Tests
9 9
2. National IQs Measured by Tests of Mathematics, Science and Reading Comprehension
11
3. Calculation of Final IQs
18
4. Reliability of National IQs
30
5. Validity of National IQs
32
Chapter 3 Educational and Cognitive Attainment 1. Intelligence and Educational Attainment among Individuals i
35 35
INTELLIGENCE
2. Intelligence and Educational Attainment across Nations38 3. Intelligence and Cognitive Attainment across Nations .40 4. New Global Comparisons
43
5. Variables
44
6. Educational Attainments
48
7. Regression of Tertiary-09 on National IQ
50
8. Researchers in R&D
64
9. Conclusion
66
Chapter 4 Economics: Per Capita Income, Poverty, Inequality
69
1. Effects of Intelligence on Earnings
69
2. Economists' Studies of Effects of IQ on Earnings
73
3. Intelligence and Per Capita Income across Nations
75
4. National IQs and Economic Growth
80
5. National IQs and other Economic Variables
83
6. New Global Comparisons
87
7. Variables
88
8. National IQ and Per Capita In