Lessons In Electric Circuits 4 - Digital

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Contents 1 NUMERATION SYSTEMS 1 1.1 Numbers and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Systems of numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Decimal versus binary numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4 Octal and hexadecimal numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Octal and hexadecimal to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Conversion from decimal numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 BINARY ARITHMETIC 19 2.1 Numbers versus numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Binary addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 Negative binary numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5 Overflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6 Bit groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 LOGIC GATES 29 3.1 Digital signals and gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2 The NOT gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3 The ”buffer” gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.4 Multiple-input gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5 TTL NAND and AND gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.6 TTL NOR and OR gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.7 CMOS gate circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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