Electromagnetic Geothermometry

Electromagnetic Geothermometry Page left intentionally blank Electromagnetic Geothermometry Viacheslav V. Spichak Olga K. Zakharova AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE SYDNEY • TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-802210-8 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Typeset by Thomson Digital Printed and bound in USA Contents Prefaceix Part I Methodology 1. Electromagnetic Sounding of Geothermal Areas 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2  Conceptual Models of Geothermal Areas 4 1.3  Factors Affecting Electrical Resistivity of Rocks 7 1.3.1 Temperature 7 1.3.2  Rock Porosity and Permeability 8 1.3.3  Alteration Mineralogy 10 1.4  Imaging of Geothermal Areas 12 1.4.1  MT Sounding 12 1.4.2  Other EM Methods 14 1.4.3  3-D Resistivity Models of Geothermal Zones 16 1.5  EM Footprints of Thermotectonics, Faulting, and Fracturing 18 1.6  Monitoring of the Target Macroparameters 22 1.7  Using of Geological and Other Geophysical Data 24 1.8  Constraining Locations for Drilling Boreholes 27 1.9 Conclusions 29 References 30 2. Techniques Used for Estimating the Temperature of the Earth’s Interior 2.1  Temperature Models Based on the Boreholes’ Logs and the Heat Flow Data 2.2  Temperature Estimations Using Indirect Geothermometers 2.2.1  Mineral Geothermometers 2.2.2  Hydrochemical Geothermometers 2.2.3  Gas Geothermometers 2.2.4  Isotopic Geothermometers 2.2.5  Geothermometers Based on the Seismicity Bounds 2.3  Interplay Between the Electromagnetic Sounding Data, Rock Physics, and Prior Geological Information 37 37 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 v vi Contents 2.4  Technique for the Deep Temperature Model Building Using the Global Magn