Handbook Of Corrosion Engineering

0765162_FM_Roberge 9/1/99 2:36 Page iii Handbook of Corrosion Engineering Pierre R. Roberge McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto 0765162_FM_Roberge 9/1/99 2:36 Page iv Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roberge, Pierre R. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering / Pierre R. Roberge. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-07-076516-2 (alk. paper) 1. Corrosion and anti-corrosives. I. Title. TA418.74.R63 1999 620.1'1223 — dc21 99-35898 CIP McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AGM/AGM 9 0 4 3 2 1 0 9 ISBN 0-07-076516-2 The sponsoring editor of this book was Robert Esposito. The editing supervisor was David E. Fogarty, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. This book was set in New Century Schoolbook by Joanne Morbit and Paul Scozzari of McGraw-Hill’s Professional Book Group in Hightstown, N.J. Printed and bound by Quebecor/Martinsburg. This book was printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011. Or contact your local bookstore. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. 0765162_FM_Roberge 9/1/99 2:36 Page v Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1.1 The Cost of Corrosion 1.2 Examples of Catastrophic Corrosion Damage 1.3 The Influence of People References Chapter 1. Aqueous Corrosion 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Applications of Potential-pH Diagrams 1.3 Kinetic Principles References Chapter 2. Environments 2.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 2.2 Natural Waters 2.3 Seawater 2.4 Corrosion in Soils 2.5 Reinforced Concrete 2.6 Microbes and Biofouling References Chapter 3. High-Temperature Corrosion 3.1 Thermodynamic Principles 3.2 Kinetic Principles 3.3 Practical High-Temperature Corrosion Problems References 1 1 3 5 12 13 13 16 32 54 55 58 85 129 142 154 187 216 221 222 229 237 265 0765162_FM_Roberge 9/1/99 2:36 Page vi Contents Chapter 4. Modeling, Life Prediction and Computer Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modeling and Life Prediction 4.3 Applications of Artificial Intelligence 4.4 Computer-Based Training or Learning 4.5 Internet and the Web References Chapter 5. Corrosion Failures 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mechanisms, Forms, and Modes of Corrosion Failures 5.3 Guidelines for Investigating Corrosion Failures 5.4 Prevention of Corrosion Damage 5.5