Interfacial Phenomena And The Marangoni Effect

CISM COURSES AND LECTURES Series Editors: The Rectors Manuel Garcia Velarde - Madrid Mahir Sayir - Zurich Wilhelm Schneider - Wien The Secretary General Bernhard Schrefler - Padua Former Secretary General Giovanni Bianchi - Milan Executive Editor Carlo Tasso - Udine The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific and technical community results obtained in some of the activities organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES COURSES AND LECTURES - No. 428 INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA AND THE MARANGONI EFFECT EDITED BY MANUEL G. VELARDE INSTITUTO PLURIDISCIPLINAR, MADRID RADYADOUR Kh. ZEYTOUNIAN UNIVERSITY OF LILLE ' Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH This volume contains 90 illustrations This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 2002 by Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 2002 SPIN 10903230 In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader. ISBN 978-3-211-83696-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2550-2 ISBN 978-3-7091-2550-2 (eBook) FOREWORD This book contains material delivered at a Summer Course held at CISM (Udine) in July 2000, mostly dealing with nonequilibrium capillarity, i.e .. phenomena induced by surface tension gradients which derive from temperature or surfactant concentration variations. Exception is the text of Prof L. M Pismen dealing with the contact angle/line problem whose serious and not merely heuristic understanding was long due. Marangoni (1865), provided a wealth of detailed information on the effects of variations of the potential energy of liquid surfaces and, in particular, flow arising from variations in temperature and surfactant composition. Among the phenomena involving Marangoni flows, we note that associated with the name of Benard (1900), which refers to the formation of a cellular structure in a thin liquid layer heated from below. One aspect of this science is seen today to bear on important phenomena associated with the processing of modern materials. The role of the basic effect in technolo~:,ry was probably first demonstrated by chemical engineers in the field of liquid-liquid extraction. Indeed, phenomena attributable to Marangoni flows have been reported in innumerable instance