Design Of Digital Computers: An Introduction

Design of Digital Computers An lntroduction By Hans W. Gschwind Chief, Engineering Development Division Computation Directorate Air Force Missile Development Center Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering University of New Mexico Sixth Printing With 447 Figures Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH 1967 All rights, especially that of translation into foreign languages, reserved. It is also forbidden to reproduce this book, either whole or in part, by photomechanical means (photostat, microfilm andjor microcard) or by other procedures without written permission from Springer-Verlag © 1967 by Springer-Verlag Wien Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971 Sixth Printing, March 1971 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-28998 Title No. 9169 ISBN 978-3-662-37358-3 ISBN 978-3-662-38101-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-38101-4 Preface This book is intended as an introductory text concerned with the design of digital computers; computer programming and operation are mentioned only when they have a direct bearing o:p. the equipment itself. The need for such an engineering text has been felt by the author while teaching computer courses for electronic engineers: Adequate texts on the programming of digital computers exist but, as far as the engineering is concerned, presently available treatments are either not in the form of textbooks or are concerned only with specific individual aspects. The organization of this book is such that a well rounded concept of digital computer systems is gradually constructed from building blocks in an engineering sense. Even though this approach may be disadvantageous to the casual reader who would like to begin with the overall concept of the computer and then, perhaps, select some topics of interest, the arrangement is preferable in a didactic respect. Of course, nothing prohibits the reader from glancing through chapters in any sequence he likes. The material contained within a chapter, generally increases in complexity beyond the requirements of a one-semester introductory course. On the other hand, an attempt has been made to provide a ,fresh start" with the beginning of each chapter. Thus, with the proper selection of material, the book may serve as text for a one-, two- or three-semester curriculum. Especially for longer curricula, it is recommended that the classroom work be supplemented by electronic lab periods and by the programming of an available machine. Several subsequent versions of the manuscript have been used in the extension program of the University of New Mexico conducted at the Air Force Missile Development Center. The author is indebted to numerous students pointing out errors and inadequacies, and to his colleagues at the Air Force Missile Development Center for many helpful suggestions. The author is particularly grateful to Mr. JAMES L. KRONE for his detailed suggestions on the final version of the manuscript, to Mr. FRANK A. KEIPERT for his comments on the galley proofs, and to Mrs. NoRMA J. KENEALLY of the Holloman Graduate Center for the repeated typing of the manuscript. Bowie, Maryland, July 1965 HANS W. GscHWIND Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2. Number Systems and Number Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Counting in Unconventional Number Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Arithmetic Operations in Unconventional Number Systems . . . 2.3. Conversions... ..................... ..................... .. 2.3.1. Conversions of Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2. Co