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Much water has flowed over the dam since this book went to press in Moscow. One might expect that PIONEER would have made substantial advances-unfortunately it has not. There are reasons: the difficulty of the problem, the disenchantment of the mathematicians (because of the delays and drawing out of the work), and principally the insufficiency and some times complete lack of machine time. The general method used by PIONEER to solve complex multidimen sional search problems had already been formulated at that time. It was supposed that the successful completion of the chess program PIONEER-l would provide a sufficient validation for the method. We did not succeed in completing it. But, unexpectedly, PIONEER's method obtained a different kind of validation. Since our group of mathematicians works at the Institute for Electroen ergy, we were invited to solve some energy-related problems and were assigned the task of constructing a program that would plan the recondi tioning of the equipment in power stations-initially for one month. Until then, the technicians had been preparing such plans without the aid of computers. Although the chess program was not complete even after ten years, the program PIONEER-2 for computing the monthly repair schedule for the Interconnected Power System of Russian Central was completed in a few months. In mid-October of 1980 a medium-speed computer constructed the plan in 40 seconds. When, at the end of the month, the mathematician A.
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SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION Managing Editors: J. Encarnayao P. Hayes Artificial Intelligence Editors: L. Bole A. Bundy
J. Siekmann
Springer Series in Symbolic Computation Editors Computer Graphics: J. Encarnac;:ao; K. Bib, J.D. Foley, R. Guedj, J.W. ten Hagen, F.RA Hopgood, M. Hosaka, M. Lucas, A.G. Requicha Artificial Intelligence: P. Hayes; L. Bole, A. Bundy, J. Siekmann
Computer Aided Design J. Encarna~io, E.G. Schlechtendahl 1983. ix, approx. 350 pages. 183 figures
Augmented Transition Networks L. Bolc 1983. xi, 214 pages. 72 figures.
Automation of Reasoning 1 Classical Papers on Computational Logic 1957·1966 J. Slekmann, G. Wrightson 1983. xii, 525 pages. 37 figures
Automation of Reasoning 2 Classical Papers on Computational Logic 1967·1970 J. Siekmann, G. Wrightson 1983. xii, 637 pages. 39 figures
Computers in Chess Solving Inexact Search Problems M.M. Botvinnik 1984. xiv, 158 pages. 48 figures
M. M. Botvinnik
Computers in Chess Solving Inexact Search Problems
Translated by Arthur A. Brown With Contributions by A. I. Reznitsky, B. M. Stilman, M. A. Tsfasman, and A. D. Yudin
With 48 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo
M. M. Botvinnik c/o VAAP-Copyright Agency of the U.S.S.R. B. Bronnaya 6a Moscow lO3lO4 U.S.S.R.
Arthur A. Brown (Translator) lO709 Weymouth Street Garrett Park, MD 20896 U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Botvinnik, M. M. (Mikhail Moiseevich), 1911Computers in chess. (Symbolic computation. Artificial intelligence) Translation of: 0 reshenii netochnykh perebornykh zadach. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Chess-Data processing. 2. Search theory. I. Title. II. Series. 001.4'24 83-10571 GVI447.B67513 1983 Original Russian edition: 0 Reshenii netochnukh perebornykh zadach. Moscow: Nauka, 1978. © 1984 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names,