Fundamentals Of Polymer Engineering

Fundamentals of POLYMER ENGINEERING Arie Ram TECHNION-ISRAELINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAIFA, ISRAEL NewYork PLENUM PRESS London Moscow Library o f Congress C a t a l o g i n g - i n - P u b l f c a t l o n D a t a Ram. Arle. Fundamentals of polymer engineering / Arie Ram. p. cm. Includes blbllographlcal references and Index. ISBN 0-306-45726-1 1 . Polymers. I. Title. TP1087.R36 1997 668.9--dc21 97-41816 CIP ISBN 0-306-45726-1 0 1997 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013 http: //www.plenum.com All rights reserved 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 rt of this b k may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Book Designed by Reuven Solomon Printed in the United States of America Acknowledgments I acknowledge the Departments of Chemical Engineering at the Technion, Haifa, and UCLA, Los Angeles, for providing WOULD LIKETO the facilities and environment for writing this textbook. Many thanks are due to Sidney and Raymond Solomon, of the Solomon Press, and to Mary Russell who carried out the professional work of editing, design, layout and publishing, with great care and tolerance. Last but not the least, I wish to thank my numerous students, from whom I learned the most. -AX. [ viii ] Acknowledgments To my beloved wife SARA who patiently did the hard work on the hard disk I acknowledge the Departments of Chemical Engineering at the Technion, Haifa, and UCLA, Los Angeles, for providing WOULD LIKETO the facilities and environment for writing this textbook. Many thanks are due to Sidney and Raymond Solomon, of the Solomon Press, and to Mary Russell who carried out the professional work of editing, design, layout and publishing, with great care and tolerance. Last but not the least, I wish to thank my numerous students, from whom I learned the most. -AX. [ viii ] List of Figures FIGURE NUMBER TITLE PAGE 2-1 Equilibrium curve for copolymerization 26 3-1 Polymer chain dimensions 35 3-2 35 3-3 Steric structure of chains A zigzag structure of PE 3-4 A differential MWD curve 39 3-5 Osmotic pressure of polymer solutions 42 3-6 Separation in GPC columns 43 3-7 Universal calibration curve for GPC measurements 44 3-8 Transition temperatures Multiple transitions 45 Changes in modulus around Tg Morphology of polymer chains Morphology of crystallites from polymer melts Kinetics of crystallization 46 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 36 46 50 51 52 [ xviii ] List of Figures FIGURE NUMBER TITLE PAGE Shear stresses and deformation Flow curves of various liquids Apparent viscosity of various liquids 59 61 4-5 Dependence of melt viscosity o