Encyclopedia Of Tribology

TRIBOLOGY SERIES 15 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TRIBOLOGY C . Kajdas Radom Technical University, Radom, Poland S.S.K. Harvey Paisley College of Technology, Paisley, Gt. Britain E. Wilusz Radom, Technical University, Radom, Poland ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1990 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 2 1 1 , 1000 A E A m s t e r d a m , T h e Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 655, Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10010, U.S.A. Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Uata K a ~ d a s ,C z e s l a w . Encyclo.pedia o f t r l b o l o g y / C. K a ~ d a s . S . S . K . H a r v e y , E. Wllusz. p. c m . -- ( T r i b o l o g y series ; 151 I n c l u d e s index. ISBN 0-444-88401-7 1. Trlbology--Encyclopedias. I. Harvey, S. S. K . . 193211. Wilusz. E . . 1948. 111. Title. IV. Series. TJ1075.K24 1990 621.8'9'03--d~20 90-44593 CIP ISBN 0-444-8840 1-7 (Vol. 15) ISBN 0-444-41677-3 (Series) 0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1990 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., P.O. Box 21 l , 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers'in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred t o the copyright owner, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., unless otherwise specified. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in The Netherlands V PREFACE PREFACE The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide information on specific tribological terms. Attempts have been made to keep the information as up-to-date as possible, taking into account both the theoretical and practical aspects of tribology. The reader is referred to relevant publications for most terms. Numerous journals and books have been consulted in the compilation of this encyclopedia but it is possible that others could have been included. If attention could be drawn to them it may be possible to include them in a subsequent edition. The multidisciplinary nature of tribology, the conflicting theories and approaches to it found in the literature, plus the fact that definitions of the same phenomenon often differ widely, made our task difficult. A choice had to be made of either the most precise definition or our own interpretation. Constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement by the reader would be appreciated. The references for the physical and chemical data have been taken from The Condensed Chemical Dictionary (Ref. 484) and The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Ref. 1396). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish t o record their appreciation t o the following: (1) Radorn Technical University; (2) Paisley College of Technology; (3)the Secretaries, Anne Murdoch, Gillian Alexander, Lynn Gilrnour, Ann Harnilton and Rena Paterson. vii ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS ASS AES API APS ASLE ASM ASME ASTM ASU ATF AW BS ccs CLA CMA CRT CRV CVD DAC DBDS DDP DSC DTGA EDAX EDTA EDX EHD EHL EM EP ESCA FIM ICP IR IS0