Energy Optimization In Process Systems And Fuel Cells

Energy Optimization in Process Systems and Fuel Cells Energy Optimization in Process Systems and Fuel Cells Second Edition By Stanisław Sieniutycz Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw, Poland Jacek Jez·owski† Rzeszów University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów, Poland Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • SINGAPORE • Sydney • Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Second Edition Copyright © 2013, 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-098221-2 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at store.elsevier.com This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology. Each copy is produced to order and is limited to black ink. The online version of this book will show color figures where appropriate. Preface Energy systems are optimized in order to satisfy several primary goals. The first goal (Chapters 3–10 of this book) requires searching for limiting values of some important physical quantities, e.g. limiting power, minimum heat supply, maximum final concentration of a key component, etc. The second goal (Chapters 8 and 11), perhaps the most practical, applies profit or cost analyses to find economically (or exergo-economically) optimal solutions. The third goal (Chapters 12–20) pursues optimal solutions assuring the best system integration. Optimizations toward energy limits arise in various chemical and mechani­ cal engineering systems (heat and mass exchangers, thermal networks, energy converters, recovery & storage units, solar collectors, separators, chemical re­ actors, etc.). Associated energy problems are those with conversion, genera­ tion, accumulation and transmission of energy. These problems are treated by mathematical methods of optimization such as: nonlinear programming with continuous and mixed variables, dynamic programming, and Pontryagin’s maxi­ mum principles, in their discrete and continuous versions. The considered processes occur in a finite time and with equipment of finite dimension. Penalties on rate and duration and optimal performance criteria of potential type (obtained within exergy or economic approaches) are effective. I