Infrared Technology - Applications To Electro-optics, Photonic Devices, And Sensors

Infrared Technology Applications to Electrooptics, Photonic Devices, and Sensors A. R. JHA A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHE~M / BRISBANE / SINGAPORE / TORONTO This book is printed on acid-free paper, t~) Copyright © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 7504744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-601 l, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN 0-471-35033-8 10987654321 Foreword Infrared science has played a revolutionary role in the development of the modern technology age. The infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum spans from approximately 0.75 txm to 1000 ~m. The discovery of infrared radiation is credited to the British Royal Astronomer, Sir William Herschel who demonstrated this radiation in 1800 by using sunlight dispersed through a prism and detecting it with a sensitive thermometer. This work laid the foundation of the field of infrared spectroscopy. For more than thirty years, the enormous potential of this new form of radiation was not realized until the intervention of more sensitive detectors such as the radiation thermocouple and the diffraction grating spectrometer. Since then, there has been phenomenal progress in both basic and applied research in infrared science and technology. Infrared spectroscopy has played a leading role in the achievement of this progress Throughout the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, infrared studies were primarily concerned with basic research. The experimental results of these studies led to the formulation of almost all of the fundamental theories and laws of thermal radiation. For example, the studies of spectral and temperature dependence of thermal radiation led to the validation of Planck's quantum theory, the Stefan-Boltzmann distribution law, and Wien's displacement law. Heinrich Herz's experimental studies of the propagation of thermal radiation through empty space provided the verification of Maxwell's classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. Infrared spectroscopic studies of molecular and atomic systems in the gaseous, liquid, or solid phase provide insight into their structure and establish their electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy level structu